TARIHIN DAURA

TARIHIN DAURA

Sadiq Tukur Gwarzo
Bisa tsohon Littafin tarihi na masarautar Daura da ake masa laƙabi da suna Girgam kamar dai sauran littattafan tarihin yawa-yawan masarautu, ana ganin cewar tun a wajajen shekaru dubu biyu kafin haihuwar Annabi Isah A.S wasu mutane ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugabansu mai suna Najib (Wasu sunce Nimroid ko Namarudu sunansa) suka yo hijira daga ƙasar su ta haihuwa Kan'ana tare da riskar inda ƙasar Daura take a yanzu.
   Babu takamaimen dalilin tasowar su, amma dai ance akan hanyar su ta tafiya, sun yada zango a tsohuwar Misira tsawon wani lokaci har kuma daga bisani wasu Misirawan na dauri suka shigo cikinsu akayi hijirar tare dasu.
  Ance kuma da suka baro  Misira sai suka shigo cikin ƙasar Libya, inda suka sauka a birnin Tarabulus, a zamanin da wani Sarki mai suna Abdurdaar ke mulkinta har yaso ya mallake wannan runduna amma bai samu nasara ba, daga ƙarshe shi Najib ya cigaba da tafiya da mutanensa har suka riski wani wuri da ake kira Tsohon birni, inda suka fara kafa birnin Daura kenan kafin daga baya mazaunan birnin su koma sabuwar Daura.
 Amma, manazartan wancan littafi irinsu M.G Smith a littafinsa 'Affairs of Daura' ya kawo cewar Najib shine sunan jagoran waccan runduna data taso daga Kan'ana zuwa Falasɗinu, a lokacin tana ƙarƙashin ikon Misira. Ɗansa Abduldaar shine wanda ya baro falasɗinu tare da tawaga zuwa  Tarabulus ɗin ƙasar Libya.
   Daga can kuma babu jimawa ya tashi zuwa tsohon garin Daura, a lokacin babu kowa a wajen, sai ya kafa gari.
   Duk da cewar akwai ƙarancin sani matuƙa game da kafuwar daura ko kuma tsawon lokacin da tayi tana sharafi, amma wasu sunce ta kafu shekaru kimanin dubu huɗu da suka gabata, yayin da wasu ke ganin kafuwar garin ya samu ne a ƙarni na goma miladiyya.
      Marubuci Zakariyya Adam Kabo ya kawo hujjojin cewa Daurawa misirawa ne da suka zo daga ƙasar su ta misira a littafinsa mai Suna 'Gamsasshen Tarihin Hausawa'. Ga kaɗan daga hujjojinsa akan haka:-
  1. Da akwai wani takobi mai rubutu ajikinsa irin na mazauna kasar misira ada can wanda koda turawa suka zo sai da suka ce wannan takobin babu masu irinsa sai misirawa. Kuma ko yanzu kaje Daura ana iya ɗauko maka shi ka gani.
  2. Yanayin tsarin gine-ginen fadar Daura ɗaya ne dana misirawan-da. Zakaga anyi soro, sannan katangun gida masu kaurin Gaske. Akan kuma yi manyan turaku da babban fili a matsayin tsakar gida da manyan zaurukan hutawar sarki.
3. Tamburan da ake zanawa a bangwayen gidan sarauta na Daura.
   Haka shima Marubuci Maje Ahmad Gwangwazo ya tafi akan cewa tsoffin mazauna Daura Mangawa ne waɗanda basa jin Hausa, don haka koda Bagauda da ake cewa jikan Bayajidda ne, ya riski Kano sai daya shafe aƙalla shekaru biyu yana Koyon harshen Hausa na mazauna Kano.
  Akwai kuma masu ganin cewa hijira biyu ko uku akayi daga can kan'ana zuwa Daura. Inda suka ce a hijira ta farko, Najib ne ya jagorance ta. Amma a hijira ta biyu, wata jaruma da ake kira Daurama ce ta jagorance ta. Kuma daga sunan tane aka laƙabawa birnin suna Daura, har kuma aka samu cewa an shafe tsawon lokaci mata ne ke jagorantarsa.
  Ga sunayen Sarakunan farko da aka samu sun mulki Daura tun tsawon lokaci da ya gabata:-
1. Kufunu
2. Gufunu
3. Yakunu
4. Yakunya
5. Waizamu
6. Waiwaina
7. Gidir-gidir
8. Inna Gari
9. Daurama
    A mulkin Daurama ne akace an tare a sabon birni mai kimanin tazarar mil goma a kudu maso gabashin tsohon  birnin Daura tare da soma kiran birnin da sunan ta. Wani zane a masarautar Daura yayi hasashen aukuwar hakan a ƙarni na shidda, har kuma ake danganta zamanin ta da zuwan Abu Yazid (Bayajidda) wanda akace ɗan Abdullahi Sarkin Bagadaza ne, wanda ya baro gida da wata gagarumar tawaga bisa saɓani da mahaifinsa ko ƴanuwansa ko kuma bayan gwabza faɗa da Maguzawan Zidawa, inda ya soma sauka a Borno har Sarkin ƙasar ya aura masa ƴarsa Magira, daga baya ya ƙulla masa makircin rabashi da dakarunsa gami da yunƙurin halaka shi. Wannan yasa tilas ya gudo da matarsa mai ɗauke da juna biyu. Akan hanyarsa ya sauka a wani gari mai suna Biram ta gabas, ya ajiye matar tasa sannan yaci gaba da tafiya har ya riski tsaunin Dala na kano, inda akace ya riski wasu maguzawa maƙera masu suna Abagiyawa, waɗanda suka ƙera masa takobi, wadda da ita yayi amfani wajen kisan maciji mai suna 'Ƙi' ko 'Sarki' dake hana mutane ɗiban ruwa a rijiyar Kusugu bayan zuwansa Daura da dare a lokacin da yake buƙatar ruwan da zai shayar da dokinsa.
   Akace  Kashe gari sai Dauraman tasa aka nemo shi kuma har ta aureshi.
   Sai dai wasu masu fashin baƙi sunce akwai tazarar aƙalla shekaru 150 tsakanin zamanin Dauraman da Abu yazid, wanda akace ɗansa Bawo ne ya gaje shi akan sarauta, don kuwa an samu ƙarin jerin sunaye sarakuna mata da suka mulki Daura bayan gushewar ta.
10. Ga-mata
11. Shatu
12. Fatatuma
13. Sai Da mata
14. Ja Mata
15. Ha-Mata
16. Sha-warata
   An samu cewa kusan dukkan waɗannan sarakuna mataye ne, ana kiransu da suna 'Kabaras ' fassararsa shine Magajiya da hausa. Watau wadda tayi gadon mulki kenan.
   Haka kuma, akwai maganganu na tarihi dake nuna cewar an samu ɓullar Shugabanni mataye masu laƙabin 'Kabara' a wasu masarautu na ƙasar Mali, da Isra'ila. Amma dai babu wanda ya tabbatar da wata alaƙa data kasance tsakaninsu da waɗannan Kabarori na Daura duk da cewar akwai hasashen yanayin bautar da akace Kabarorin sunyi yafi kamanceceniya da shigen wadda aka taɓa samu anyi a Isra'ila.
   Zuwan Bayajidda akafi labartawa a matsayin tarihin asalin Hausa da Hausawa, amma a zahiri, labarai sun nuna cewar Bayajidda ya riski Daura ne a zamanin da ƙasar Hausa ke cike da mutane a sassan ta.

Tarihin Masarautar Benin (EDO)

Tarihin Masarautar Benin (EDO)
Sadiq Tukur Gwarzo
Asalin masarautar ance ta soma ne daga wasu mutane da ake kira Ogisa, ma'ana Sarakunan Sammai. Waɗanda suka kira ƙasar tasu da suna 'Igodomigodo'. Waɗannan nan mutane sunfi kama da maharba, kuma akwai zantuka masu danganta su a matsayin jikokin ƙabilun NOK da suka rayu shekaru sama da dubu ɗaya a wasu sassan tsakiya da arewacin Najeriya.
  A baya-bayan nan, masanan kimiyya sun gano wasu ɓurɓushin tsoffin kayayyakin tarihi na masarautar Benin, wadda yasa sukayi hasashen cewa sama da shekaru dubu ɗaya baya, waɗannan mutane suna da fasahar ƙere-ƙere, da ilimin rubutu gami da zanuka, har ma sun iya ƙera mutum-mutumi.
 Sunan farko da ake kiran masarautar shine Igodomigodo, kamar yadda tarihin baka ya ruwaito cewa mutanen farko da suka kafa masauratar haka suke kiranta. Sunan sarkinsu na farko shine Ogiso. Tun daga nan kuma duk wanda ya gajeshi sai ake yi masa laƙabi da wannan suna.
Shi kuwa birnin, ance asali Ubinu ko Bini ne sunansa da harshen ƙabilar Edo, amma zuwan turawan ƙasar Fotugal a wajajen ƙarni na goma sha biyar yasanya suka laƙaba masa suna 'Benin' daga wancan na asali. Haka kuma, ƙabilun yoruba, Itsekhiri, Esan, Igbo, Ijaw Edo, da Urhobo aka samu suna rayuwa a ƙarƙashin daular tsawon lokaci daya gabata.
Babu takamaimen lokacin da aka kafa garin Benin, amma dai an samu cewa tun daga kusan shekara ta 850 miladiyya, garin zagaye yake da ganuwa, har kuma zamanin daya ɗan soma dusashewa a wajajen ƙarni na 16.
  A ƙalla, an samu cewa akwai Ogiso guda 36 da suka yi mulki bayan na farko, a iya kimanin shekaru 500 kenan tun kafuwar masarautar. Daga nan sai suka koma kiran sarakunan su da suna 'Oba' maimakon 'Ogisa'.
 Wani sarkin su mai suna Oba Ewuare daya rayu a ƙarni na goma sha biyar ake ganin a matsayin jarumin daya samar musu da babbar wayewa, ya maishe da birnin Benin zuwa birnin da rayuwa zata wanzu cikin jindaɗi acikinsa, a maimakon yadda sarakunan da suka gabace shi na Ogiso suka tsara garin.
  Sarkin ya sake tsara birnin da makaran tsira daga mahara, ta hanyar zagaye shi da gagarumar ganuwa. Daga nan ne kuma ya samu sukunin faɗaɗa masarautar tasa.
  A wannan lokacin ne sarkin ya ƙara umartar samar da wata ganuwar mai ɗauke da ƙofofi 9 a cikin ƙwaryar birni don ƙara samar da tsaro ga mazauna birnin dama shi kansa, watau dai, koda an ƙetare babbar ganuwa, to za'a riski wata kuma aciki.
  Wannan ganuwa Itace wadda masani Graham Connah ya gano ta a wajajen shekarar 1960, har yake cewa a ƙalla tana da tsayin mil dubu 11, zurfinta cikin ƙasa kuma yakai nisan ƙafa 20, har yayi hasashen cewa kafin a samar da irin wannan aiki sai an samu majiya ƙarfi aƙalla 1000 sunyi aikin awanni goma a kullum har tsawon shekaru biyar.
  Haka kuma, binciken baya-bayan nan, ya ƙara samo wasu ƙarin ganuwowin katange gari waɗanda suke shimfiɗe tsawon kimanin mil dubu 130, waɗanda akayi hasashen sai ya ɗauki mutane shekaru aƙalla 13 kafin a kammala ginasu.
  Yawa yawan ganuwowin, an samu cewa an yisu ne don samar da iyakokin ƙasa.
  Sai a wuraren ƙarni na goma sha biyu ne mulkin sarakunan Ogisa ya ƙare, zamanin da aka yankewa yarima Ekaladerhan, ɗa ga Ogisan Benin na ƙarshe, hukuncin kisa a sabili da alaƙarsa da wata gimbiya da aka kora daga masarautar saboda laifin saɓawa ababen bauta.
 A wajen yanke wannan hukunci, sai ƴan aiken masarauta da zasu sare kan yariman  suka tausaya masa, tare da saƙinsa don ya gudu a wani guri da ake kira Ughoton dake kusa da birnin na Benin.
  Don haka sa'ar da mahaifinsa Ogisa ya mutu, ya zamana bashi da magaji, sai masu zaɓen sarki da sauran manyan masarautar suka zaɓi ɗaya daga ƴaƴansu ya maye sarauta.
  Shi kuwa Yarima Ekaladerhan daya kuɓuta, sai ya tsere tare da sauya suna izuwa 'Izoduwa', ma'ana 'wanda ya zaɓi tafarkin aminci' ya tafi birnin Ile-Ife inda ya samu gagarumar karɓuwa.
  Daga bisani ta bayyana a Benin cewa ba'a kashe yarima Ekaladerhan ba, sai wani jagora a masarautar mai suna Oliha ya jagoranci tawaga, suka fito nemansa ruwa a jallo don ɗora shi sarautar mahaifinsa. Da suka iso Ile-Ife sai mutanen suka ayyana Yarima Ekaladerhan da suna 'Oduduwa', ma'ana wanda bazai iya komawa gida ba saboda tsufa, don haka sai ɗansa Oranmiyan ya bayar aka tafi dashi don ayi masa sarauta.
   Sai dai kuma zuwan Oranmiyan Benin sai ya tayar da ƙura, domin wani jagoran fadar mai suna Ogiamien Irebor ya jajirce don hana shi zaman fadar, ala tilas Oranmiyan ya bar Benin zuwa wani gari mai suna Usama inda wasu manyan masarautar masu goyan bayansa suka gina masa muhalli. Acan ne ya auri matarsa  mai suna Erimwinde, ƴa ga sarki na tara Ogie mai mulkin birnin Egor.
  Bayan wasu shekaru sai Oranmiyan ya kira taro da mabiyansa dake ɗaukacin yankin, yace musu daga yanzu ƙasar su ta sauya izuwa gamin gambizar Ile-Ubinu, kuma sai wanda aka haifa, aka raina kaɗai a masarautar ne zaiyi mulki, sannan sai ya ɗora ɗansa ƙarami da matarsa Erinmwinde ta haifa masa sarauta, shikuma ya kama hanya don komawa Ile-Ife.
  Sai dai wannan ɗan nasa ƙarami ne, ana iya kiransa da kurma kuma bebe. Da dattijan masarautar suka yiwa Oranmiyan ƙorafi akan haka, sai ya baiwa yaron  irin shukar 'Omo ayo' a matsayin layu waɗanda yace idan yana wasa dasu zasu taimaka masa yayi magana.
   Haka kuwa, wata rana yaro yana wasa da waɗannan iri da sa'anninsa acan garin kakansa na wajen uwa watau Egor, sai akaji yace 'Owomika' (Eweka inji mutanen Edo) ma'ana, 'hannuwa na sun kamashi'.
   Tun daga nan ake yiwa yaron laƙabi da suna Eweka, wanda daga kansa aka soma sarakunan Oba. Ance kuma daga nan aka samar da al'adar sai sabon Oba yayi kwanaki bakwai a garin Usama sannan yaje garin Egor ya ambaci sunansa idan za'a naɗa shi.
  Shikuwa Oranmiyan mahaifin Eweka, akan hanyarsa ta komawa Ile-Ife ya sauka a Oyo. Kuma shine ya samar da daular Oyo inda ya soma mulkinta a matsayin Aalafin Oyo na farko kafin nan ya ƙarasa Ile-Ife tare da zamowa shugabanta mai taken Ooni na Ife na shidda. Har zuwa yau kuwa, jikokinsa ke mulkin Ile Ife, Oyo da Benin.

LITTAFI: TONON SILILIN MR. HAMPHER

https://drive.google.com/file/d/17MYYP8UWSJqFRC-smcojOnEcv5ECcyvK/view?usp=drivesdk

LITTAFI: ASALIN HAUSAWA DAGA KIDE-KIDENSU

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jj614QrqPnXdUV1OMG35OLx9e1ahJW0O/view?usp=drivesdk