Tarihin Masarautar Benin (EDO)
Sadiq Tukur Gwarzo
Asalin masarautar ance ta soma ne daga wasu mutane da ake kira Ogisa, ma'ana Sarakunan Sammai. Waɗanda suka kira ƙasar tasu da suna 'Igodomigodo'. Waɗannan nan mutane sunfi kama da maharba, kuma akwai zantuka masu danganta su a matsayin jikokin ƙabilun NOK da suka rayu shekaru sama da dubu ɗaya a wasu sassan tsakiya da arewacin Najeriya.
A baya-bayan nan, masanan kimiyya sun gano wasu ɓurɓushin tsoffin kayayyakin tarihi na masarautar Benin, wadda yasa sukayi hasashen cewa sama da shekaru dubu ɗaya baya, waɗannan mutane suna da fasahar ƙere-ƙere, da ilimin rubutu gami da zanuka, har ma sun iya ƙera mutum-mutumi.
Sunan farko da ake kiran masarautar shine Igodomigodo, kamar yadda tarihin baka ya ruwaito cewa mutanen farko da suka kafa masauratar haka suke kiranta. Sunan sarkinsu na farko shine Ogiso. Tun daga nan kuma duk wanda ya gajeshi sai ake yi masa laƙabi da wannan suna.
Shi kuwa birnin, ance asali Ubinu ko Bini ne sunansa da harshen ƙabilar Edo, amma zuwan turawan ƙasar Fotugal a wajajen ƙarni na goma sha biyar yasanya suka laƙaba masa suna 'Benin' daga wancan na asali. Haka kuma, ƙabilun yoruba, Itsekhiri, Esan, Igbo, Ijaw Edo, da Urhobo aka samu suna rayuwa a ƙarƙashin daular tsawon lokaci daya gabata.
Babu takamaimen lokacin da aka kafa garin Benin, amma dai an samu cewa tun daga kusan shekara ta 850 miladiyya, garin zagaye yake da ganuwa, har kuma zamanin daya ɗan soma dusashewa a wajajen ƙarni na 16.
A ƙalla, an samu cewa akwai Ogiso guda 36 da suka yi mulki bayan na farko, a iya kimanin shekaru 500 kenan tun kafuwar masarautar. Daga nan sai suka koma kiran sarakunan su da suna 'Oba' maimakon 'Ogisa'.
Wani sarkin su mai suna Oba Ewuare daya rayu a ƙarni na goma sha biyar ake ganin a matsayin jarumin daya samar musu da babbar wayewa, ya maishe da birnin Benin zuwa birnin da rayuwa zata wanzu cikin jindaɗi acikinsa, a maimakon yadda sarakunan da suka gabace shi na Ogiso suka tsara garin.
Sarkin ya sake tsara birnin da makaran tsira daga mahara, ta hanyar zagaye shi da gagarumar ganuwa. Daga nan ne kuma ya samu sukunin faɗaɗa masarautar tasa.
A wannan lokacin ne sarkin ya ƙara umartar samar da wata ganuwar mai ɗauke da ƙofofi 9 a cikin ƙwaryar birni don ƙara samar da tsaro ga mazauna birnin dama shi kansa, watau dai, koda an ƙetare babbar ganuwa, to za'a riski wata kuma aciki.
Wannan ganuwa Itace wadda masani Graham Connah ya gano ta a wajajen shekarar 1960, har yake cewa a ƙalla tana da tsayin mil dubu 11, zurfinta cikin ƙasa kuma yakai nisan ƙafa 20, har yayi hasashen cewa kafin a samar da irin wannan aiki sai an samu majiya ƙarfi aƙalla 1000 sunyi aikin awanni goma a kullum har tsawon shekaru biyar.
Haka kuma, binciken baya-bayan nan, ya ƙara samo wasu ƙarin ganuwowin katange gari waɗanda suke shimfiɗe tsawon kimanin mil dubu 130, waɗanda akayi hasashen sai ya ɗauki mutane shekaru aƙalla 13 kafin a kammala ginasu.
Yawa yawan ganuwowin, an samu cewa an yisu ne don samar da iyakokin ƙasa.
Sai a wuraren ƙarni na goma sha biyu ne mulkin sarakunan Ogisa ya ƙare, zamanin da aka yankewa yarima Ekaladerhan, ɗa ga Ogisan Benin na ƙarshe, hukuncin kisa a sabili da alaƙarsa da wata gimbiya da aka kora daga masarautar saboda laifin saɓawa ababen bauta.
A wajen yanke wannan hukunci, sai ƴan aiken masarauta da zasu sare kan yariman suka tausaya masa, tare da saƙinsa don ya gudu a wani guri da ake kira Ughoton dake kusa da birnin na Benin.
Don haka sa'ar da mahaifinsa Ogisa ya mutu, ya zamana bashi da magaji, sai masu zaɓen sarki da sauran manyan masarautar suka zaɓi ɗaya daga ƴaƴansu ya maye sarauta.
Shi kuwa Yarima Ekaladerhan daya kuɓuta, sai ya tsere tare da sauya suna izuwa 'Izoduwa', ma'ana 'wanda ya zaɓi tafarkin aminci' ya tafi birnin Ile-Ife inda ya samu gagarumar karɓuwa.
Daga bisani ta bayyana a Benin cewa ba'a kashe yarima Ekaladerhan ba, sai wani jagora a masarautar mai suna Oliha ya jagoranci tawaga, suka fito nemansa ruwa a jallo don ɗora shi sarautar mahaifinsa. Da suka iso Ile-Ife sai mutanen suka ayyana Yarima Ekaladerhan da suna 'Oduduwa', ma'ana wanda bazai iya komawa gida ba saboda tsufa, don haka sai ɗansa Oranmiyan ya bayar aka tafi dashi don ayi masa sarauta.
Sai dai kuma zuwan Oranmiyan Benin sai ya tayar da ƙura, domin wani jagoran fadar mai suna Ogiamien Irebor ya jajirce don hana shi zaman fadar, ala tilas Oranmiyan ya bar Benin zuwa wani gari mai suna Usama inda wasu manyan masarautar masu goyan bayansa suka gina masa muhalli. Acan ne ya auri matarsa mai suna Erimwinde, ƴa ga sarki na tara Ogie mai mulkin birnin Egor.
Bayan wasu shekaru sai Oranmiyan ya kira taro da mabiyansa dake ɗaukacin yankin, yace musu daga yanzu ƙasar su ta sauya izuwa gamin gambizar Ile-Ubinu, kuma sai wanda aka haifa, aka raina kaɗai a masarautar ne zaiyi mulki, sannan sai ya ɗora ɗansa ƙarami da matarsa Erinmwinde ta haifa masa sarauta, shikuma ya kama hanya don komawa Ile-Ife.
Sai dai wannan ɗan nasa ƙarami ne, ana iya kiransa da kurma kuma bebe. Da dattijan masarautar suka yiwa Oranmiyan ƙorafi akan haka, sai ya baiwa yaron irin shukar 'Omo ayo' a matsayin layu waɗanda yace idan yana wasa dasu zasu taimaka masa yayi magana.
Haka kuwa, wata rana yaro yana wasa da waɗannan iri da sa'anninsa acan garin kakansa na wajen uwa watau Egor, sai akaji yace 'Owomika' (Eweka inji mutanen Edo) ma'ana, 'hannuwa na sun kamashi'.
Tun daga nan ake yiwa yaron laƙabi da suna Eweka, wanda daga kansa aka soma sarakunan Oba. Ance kuma daga nan aka samar da al'adar sai sabon Oba yayi kwanaki bakwai a garin Usama sannan yaje garin Egor ya ambaci sunansa idan za'a naɗa shi.
Shikuwa Oranmiyan mahaifin Eweka, akan hanyarsa ta komawa Ile-Ife ya sauka a Oyo. Kuma shine ya samar da daular Oyo inda ya soma mulkinta a matsayin Aalafin Oyo na farko kafin nan ya ƙarasa Ile-Ife tare da zamowa shugabanta mai taken Ooni na Ife na shidda. Har zuwa yau kuwa, jikokinsa ke mulkin Ile Ife, Oyo da Benin.
Sadiq Tukur Gwarzo
Asalin masarautar ance ta soma ne daga wasu mutane da ake kira Ogisa, ma'ana Sarakunan Sammai. Waɗanda suka kira ƙasar tasu da suna 'Igodomigodo'. Waɗannan nan mutane sunfi kama da maharba, kuma akwai zantuka masu danganta su a matsayin jikokin ƙabilun NOK da suka rayu shekaru sama da dubu ɗaya a wasu sassan tsakiya da arewacin Najeriya.
A baya-bayan nan, masanan kimiyya sun gano wasu ɓurɓushin tsoffin kayayyakin tarihi na masarautar Benin, wadda yasa sukayi hasashen cewa sama da shekaru dubu ɗaya baya, waɗannan mutane suna da fasahar ƙere-ƙere, da ilimin rubutu gami da zanuka, har ma sun iya ƙera mutum-mutumi.
Sunan farko da ake kiran masarautar shine Igodomigodo, kamar yadda tarihin baka ya ruwaito cewa mutanen farko da suka kafa masauratar haka suke kiranta. Sunan sarkinsu na farko shine Ogiso. Tun daga nan kuma duk wanda ya gajeshi sai ake yi masa laƙabi da wannan suna.
Shi kuwa birnin, ance asali Ubinu ko Bini ne sunansa da harshen ƙabilar Edo, amma zuwan turawan ƙasar Fotugal a wajajen ƙarni na goma sha biyar yasanya suka laƙaba masa suna 'Benin' daga wancan na asali. Haka kuma, ƙabilun yoruba, Itsekhiri, Esan, Igbo, Ijaw Edo, da Urhobo aka samu suna rayuwa a ƙarƙashin daular tsawon lokaci daya gabata.
Babu takamaimen lokacin da aka kafa garin Benin, amma dai an samu cewa tun daga kusan shekara ta 850 miladiyya, garin zagaye yake da ganuwa, har kuma zamanin daya ɗan soma dusashewa a wajajen ƙarni na 16.
A ƙalla, an samu cewa akwai Ogiso guda 36 da suka yi mulki bayan na farko, a iya kimanin shekaru 500 kenan tun kafuwar masarautar. Daga nan sai suka koma kiran sarakunan su da suna 'Oba' maimakon 'Ogisa'.
Wani sarkin su mai suna Oba Ewuare daya rayu a ƙarni na goma sha biyar ake ganin a matsayin jarumin daya samar musu da babbar wayewa, ya maishe da birnin Benin zuwa birnin da rayuwa zata wanzu cikin jindaɗi acikinsa, a maimakon yadda sarakunan da suka gabace shi na Ogiso suka tsara garin.
Sarkin ya sake tsara birnin da makaran tsira daga mahara, ta hanyar zagaye shi da gagarumar ganuwa. Daga nan ne kuma ya samu sukunin faɗaɗa masarautar tasa.
A wannan lokacin ne sarkin ya ƙara umartar samar da wata ganuwar mai ɗauke da ƙofofi 9 a cikin ƙwaryar birni don ƙara samar da tsaro ga mazauna birnin dama shi kansa, watau dai, koda an ƙetare babbar ganuwa, to za'a riski wata kuma aciki.
Wannan ganuwa Itace wadda masani Graham Connah ya gano ta a wajajen shekarar 1960, har yake cewa a ƙalla tana da tsayin mil dubu 11, zurfinta cikin ƙasa kuma yakai nisan ƙafa 20, har yayi hasashen cewa kafin a samar da irin wannan aiki sai an samu majiya ƙarfi aƙalla 1000 sunyi aikin awanni goma a kullum har tsawon shekaru biyar.
Haka kuma, binciken baya-bayan nan, ya ƙara samo wasu ƙarin ganuwowin katange gari waɗanda suke shimfiɗe tsawon kimanin mil dubu 130, waɗanda akayi hasashen sai ya ɗauki mutane shekaru aƙalla 13 kafin a kammala ginasu.
Yawa yawan ganuwowin, an samu cewa an yisu ne don samar da iyakokin ƙasa.
Sai a wuraren ƙarni na goma sha biyu ne mulkin sarakunan Ogisa ya ƙare, zamanin da aka yankewa yarima Ekaladerhan, ɗa ga Ogisan Benin na ƙarshe, hukuncin kisa a sabili da alaƙarsa da wata gimbiya da aka kora daga masarautar saboda laifin saɓawa ababen bauta.
A wajen yanke wannan hukunci, sai ƴan aiken masarauta da zasu sare kan yariman suka tausaya masa, tare da saƙinsa don ya gudu a wani guri da ake kira Ughoton dake kusa da birnin na Benin.
Don haka sa'ar da mahaifinsa Ogisa ya mutu, ya zamana bashi da magaji, sai masu zaɓen sarki da sauran manyan masarautar suka zaɓi ɗaya daga ƴaƴansu ya maye sarauta.
Shi kuwa Yarima Ekaladerhan daya kuɓuta, sai ya tsere tare da sauya suna izuwa 'Izoduwa', ma'ana 'wanda ya zaɓi tafarkin aminci' ya tafi birnin Ile-Ife inda ya samu gagarumar karɓuwa.
Daga bisani ta bayyana a Benin cewa ba'a kashe yarima Ekaladerhan ba, sai wani jagora a masarautar mai suna Oliha ya jagoranci tawaga, suka fito nemansa ruwa a jallo don ɗora shi sarautar mahaifinsa. Da suka iso Ile-Ife sai mutanen suka ayyana Yarima Ekaladerhan da suna 'Oduduwa', ma'ana wanda bazai iya komawa gida ba saboda tsufa, don haka sai ɗansa Oranmiyan ya bayar aka tafi dashi don ayi masa sarauta.
Sai dai kuma zuwan Oranmiyan Benin sai ya tayar da ƙura, domin wani jagoran fadar mai suna Ogiamien Irebor ya jajirce don hana shi zaman fadar, ala tilas Oranmiyan ya bar Benin zuwa wani gari mai suna Usama inda wasu manyan masarautar masu goyan bayansa suka gina masa muhalli. Acan ne ya auri matarsa mai suna Erimwinde, ƴa ga sarki na tara Ogie mai mulkin birnin Egor.
Bayan wasu shekaru sai Oranmiyan ya kira taro da mabiyansa dake ɗaukacin yankin, yace musu daga yanzu ƙasar su ta sauya izuwa gamin gambizar Ile-Ubinu, kuma sai wanda aka haifa, aka raina kaɗai a masarautar ne zaiyi mulki, sannan sai ya ɗora ɗansa ƙarami da matarsa Erinmwinde ta haifa masa sarauta, shikuma ya kama hanya don komawa Ile-Ife.
Sai dai wannan ɗan nasa ƙarami ne, ana iya kiransa da kurma kuma bebe. Da dattijan masarautar suka yiwa Oranmiyan ƙorafi akan haka, sai ya baiwa yaron irin shukar 'Omo ayo' a matsayin layu waɗanda yace idan yana wasa dasu zasu taimaka masa yayi magana.
Haka kuwa, wata rana yaro yana wasa da waɗannan iri da sa'anninsa acan garin kakansa na wajen uwa watau Egor, sai akaji yace 'Owomika' (Eweka inji mutanen Edo) ma'ana, 'hannuwa na sun kamashi'.
Tun daga nan ake yiwa yaron laƙabi da suna Eweka, wanda daga kansa aka soma sarakunan Oba. Ance kuma daga nan aka samar da al'adar sai sabon Oba yayi kwanaki bakwai a garin Usama sannan yaje garin Egor ya ambaci sunansa idan za'a naɗa shi.
Shikuwa Oranmiyan mahaifin Eweka, akan hanyarsa ta komawa Ile-Ife ya sauka a Oyo. Kuma shine ya samar da daular Oyo inda ya soma mulkinta a matsayin Aalafin Oyo na farko kafin nan ya ƙarasa Ile-Ife tare da zamowa shugabanta mai taken Ooni na Ife na shidda. Har zuwa yau kuwa, jikokinsa ke mulkin Ile Ife, Oyo da Benin.
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