TARIHIN MASARAUTAR KANEM-BORNO
Daga SADIQ TUKUR GWARZO
080608699
AGISYMBA, sunan wani yanki ne daya fito daga bakin shahararren masanin kimiyya da falsafa dan kasar Girka mai suna Ptolemy, wanda kuma ya rayu a garin Alekzandariya a wajejen shekaru 100 bayan wafatin Annabi Isa (A.S) daga k'asa zuwa sama.
A cewar ptolemy, agisymba wani yanki ne dayake dauke da mutane, manyan dabbobi misalin giwaye da manyan Kangaru, tare da manya-manyan tsaunika, kuma garin yana kudu
da garin Fezzan (dake libya a yanzu) da nisan tafiyar watanni hudu kacal.
Ance Ptolemy ya samu wannan labari ne daga hannun wani masanin girma da fadin duniya mai suna Manus.
Shikuma Manus shine wanda tun alokacin akace ya bayyana cewa kusurwowin duniya guda hudu ne, watau: Garin Thule (dake norway a yau) shine qarshen duniya a yamma, sai kuma yankin Agisymba wanda yake qarshen duniya a gabas. Sai tsibirin kanari (Cannaries) (wanda yake a K'asar spain) ya zama qarshen duniya ta arewa, yayin da garin Shera (sunan da ake kiran kasar china abaya kenan) yake a matsayin k'arshen duniya ta kudu.
Shikuwa Manus, kamar yadda aka ruwaito, ya samu wannan labari ne daga bakin matafiya dake karadawa
sassan duniya tare da binciken sa ga tsofaffun takardu wadanda masanan da suka gabace shi suka gabata.
Wannan gari na Agisymba, ance ya bace, ko kuma an daina jin duriyar sa har izuwa shekara ta 700 bayan wafatin Annabi Isa (A.S). Inda akace anji labarin wata masarauta mai suna KANEM, wadda akace ta kafu a wani gari da ake kira Manan, sunan zuriyar (k'abilar) dake mulkinta shine DUGUWA (wadansu kuma na kiransu da Zhagawa), yaren da suke yarawa kuwa sunan sa KANEMBOU, yaren da ake tsammanin ya samo asali ne daga yaren k'abilar SAO.
K'abilar sao dai itace akace asulin
mazauna yankin kafin daga baya suka rarrabu izuwa al'ummatai daban-daban misalin kotoko, budumu, gamergu, da kuma kanembou din.
Haka kuma, ita k'abilar Sao, wasu na
jita-jitar cewa tsatso ne na jikokin Hyksos, wani jarumi wanda ya kafa tsohuwar daular egypt daruruwan shekaru da suka gabata. Daga baya wadannan zuriya ta Hyksos suka bar masarautar egypt izuwa garin N'jima bayan mulkibya bar hannun su ( ance ma'anar wannan suna na N'JIMA a yaren Tedaga, (Teda, Tebu, Toubou' duk sunan yaren ne) wanda wani yanki acikin al'ummar kudancin Fezzen ke yarawa shine 'KUDU').
Dier Lange, a littafinsa mai suna 'The founding of kanem by Assyrian Refugees ca 600BC' yayi kokari matuk'a wajen wassafou fahimtarsa bisa alak'ar kafuwar daular Kanem daga larabawan syria. Inda ya bayar da tarihin Sarkin masarautar na farko mai suna Sef da mahaifiyarsa Aisa wadda yace ta haife shine a garin Baghadada, daga baya rikice-rikice suka auku a masarautar wanda yasa Sef din ya jagoranci tawaga suka baro garin. Sannan kuma acewarsa, a wancan lokacin, Yankin Kanem Alk'arya ce babba. Har ma ya k'ara da cewa sunan littafin tarihin da mai binciken tarihi dan
K'asar jamus 'Heinrich Barth' ya gano a shekarar 1851 mai suna Girgam wanda yake dauke da sunayen sarakunan kanem goma sha hudu na farko, ya samo asali ne daga kalmar 'Girginakku', wadda ake fassarata da yaren Akkadian (tsohon yaren Masarautar Syria) da
"Akwatin takardu".
A fahimtar mu dau, wannan yanki da masarautar kanem ta fara kafuwa, yana dauke da mutane shekaru d'aruruwa da suka gabata, sai dai tarihin su ya bace ta yadda bamu samu labarin yadda rayuwa ta kasance musu ba, kawai dai abinda tarihi ya nuna shine k'abilar duguwa(zhagawa) ainihinsu makiyaya ne, sun yi shawarar tsayawa da yawace-yawacen kiwo gami da samar da gari nasu na kansu a wani lokaci wajajen shekaru 600 bayan wafatin Annabi Isa (A.S) (dai-dai da shekaru 32 kafin Annabi
Muhammad S.a.w yayi wafati), don haka zuwan larabawan syria yankin (idan da gaske hakan ta faru) watak'ila shine yayi silar fito da wurin.
Kuma kasancewar sunayen Sarakunan kanem na farko wadanda ake kira da 'magumi', kuma akeyi musu
laqabi da 'mai' (ma'ana Sarki) kamar yadda yazo a kundin tarihin masarautar watau 'Girgam', yayi kamance-ceniya da sunayen mutanen syria, watak'ila hujja ce da zata sa mu amince da zuwan su wannan yanki na agisymba kamar yadda tsohon sunansa yake.
Sai dai kuma koda hakan ta auku, akwai tambayoyi da masu binciken tarihi zasu sobji akan ainihin abinda ya faru a lokacin da Siriyawan suka k'araso wannan yanki. Shin kafa garinsu sukayi na daban, wanda daga bisani suka cinye garuruwan dake kusanci dasu da yak'i har suka maida garin d'aukakakke?
Ko kuwa gari suka fara risk'a sannan suka karbe ikon garin daga hannun masu mulkinsa?
Abinda tarihi dai ya tabbatar shine, Sarki Sef dan k'abilar duguwa (zhagawa) shine sarki na farko da aka
fara rubutawa a matsayin sarkin masarautar Kanem.
Yayi sarautarsa a wajajen shekara ta 700, daga nan sai Ibrahim wanda ya fara mulki a shekara ta 740, sai Dugu
a amshi mulki a shekarata 785 , daga nan sai Fune 835, sai Arsu a 893, sai Katur a 942, sai Buyuma a 961, sai
Bulu a 1091, sai Arku a 1035, sai Shu a 1077, sai Selma (Abdal Djahl) wanda akace shine musulmi na farko, ya
hau mulki a shekara ta 1081, wannan kuma shine yakawo qarshen mulkin sarakunan Duguwa (Zhagawa)
akan mulkin masarautar kanem...
Domin ance a shekarar 1085 ne 'Mai Humme' ya qwace mulki, shine mafarin fara mulkin zuriyar Saifawa wadanda akewa sarakunan su laqabi da 'Mai', zuriyarda saida ta shafe kusan shekaru 700 tana tafiyar da mulkin masarautar. Ance a lokacin mulkin Mai Humme ne
musulunci ya warwatsu a masarautar kanemi, aka gina masallatai da yawa da wuraren daukar darasu.
Wannan abu sai ya batawa wani yanki na tsohuwar k'abilar Zhagawa rai, suka k'i karbar musulunci. Daga bisani ma sai suka tashi daga garin sukayi gabas can wajajen Tafkin Chadi. Acan ne sukayi qarfi suka kuma fara kawo hari masarautar kanem. Wannan shine asalin k'abilun 'Bulala' da 'zhagawa' wadanda suka bar masarautar su ta gado, kuma shine asalin duk wata
rigima data addabi wannan masarauta.
A shekarata 1210 ne Mai Dunama Dibbalemi ya amshi
mulki. Shine sarkin daya fara qaddamar da yaqin jihadi
don yada addinin musulunci ga sarakunan dake kewaye dashi. Sannan ya nemi kafa alaqar kasuwanci da k'asashen larabawa, harma da gina Masaukin Alhazansa masu zuwa Saudiyya Aikin Hajji a garin Alqahira.
Wannan sarki ya kafa tarihi matuqa a masarautar Kanem. Domin ance shine wanda ya karya dodon tsafi mai suna 'MUNE', wanda k'abilar zaghawa ke
bautawa, ya hana mutane bauta masa, sannan ya kira al'ummatai izuwa musulunci.
Sai kuma shekarar 1473 inda Ali Gajideni ya amshi mulki. Shikuwa Gajideni, shine sarkin daya har hada kawunnan k'abilun kanem bayan yak'i ya rabasu gida biyu. Sannan ya yak'i kabilar Bulala dake can yankin kogin fitr dake gabashin N'djamaina, wadda take itama zuriya ce tsatson Zhagawa masu yak'i da masarautar kanem. Sannan kuma shine sarkin daya dauke cibiyar masarauta daga yankin Kanem saboda yawan hari da ake kawo musu izuwa yankin Borno, ya koma wani gari mai suna Ngazargamu da mulki (kunji asalin borno).
Sai kuma Idris Katakarmabe ya
hau mulki a shekarar 1507, wanda akace shine ya K'arasa cinye k'abilar Bulala da yak'i, ya koresu, tilas suka gudu gabashin borno da rayuwa har kuma ya maishe da fadar sa izuwa yankun Kanem, watau tsohon garin da masarautar ta kafu mai suna N'jimi na wucin gadi.
Abinda ya kamata makaranta su sani shine, yak'e-yak'e da hare-hare sun rink'a aukuwa daga k'abilar zaghawa
izuwa garuruwan masarautar kanem. Masanin tarihi Ahmadu Ibn Yaqub (Al yaqubi, marubucin kittafin kitab al-buldan) ya ruwaito cewa a jerin wad'annan yake-yake sai da zaghawa suka kashe sarakunan
kanem guda biyar daga cikin shidda wadanda suka yi mulki daga shekara ta 1386- izuwa shekarata 1400,
wadanda kuma suka fito daga gidan sarautar Saifawa.
Don haka a wancan lokaci, yak'i ne da yayi zafi harma K'abilar 'Bulala' ta cinye garin n'jimi da yak'i, sai hakan
ya tursasa k'abilar sayfawa barin N'jimi dake k'asar kanem izuwa garin Ngazargamu dake yankin Borno (yanzu wajen yana yankin yobe) .
Abu na gaba shine hawan Idris Alauma mulki a wajajen shakara ta 1580 (wasu sukace 1571). Wannan abu ya janyowa masarautar Borno girma da kwarjini a duniya ma baki daya. Ance wannan sarki yayi yak'ok'i sama da dubu, ya kuma samu nasara a kusan yakuna dari uku da talatin kamar yadda akace an samu tarihin yak'e-yak'en sa a wata tsohuwar wak'a da akayi masa da kuma littafin 'Ghazawat Bornu' (yak'ok'in bornu) wanda akace shugaban malaman sa mai suna Ibn Furtu ya rubuta.
Ance Mai Idris Alauma ya fadada girman masarautar borno, ya samar da gonakin noma tare da habaka kasuwanci, sannan ance ya cinye kano a yamma, ya cinye wani yanki na garin Fezzan a arewa, ya cinye Outara a kudu, ya kuma cinye garuruwan Zhagawa a gabas. A lokacin sane kuma masarautar Ottoman ta turo da wakilanta k'asar borno don k'arfafa dangantaka tsakanin masarautun biyu.
Hakika (Sarki) Mai Alouma yayi aiki matuk'a ta hanyar sakewa dakarun yak'in sa fasali, inda ya samar musu da dabaru kala-kala, yasa aka sassak'a musu manyan jiragen ruwa na yaki, tare da samar musu da dumbin
makamai..
Daga nan kuma ance sunayen sarakunan borno sun k'ara bacewa a tarihi, har izuwa wajajen shekara ta 1780 inda akaji labarin Ahmad Alimi ya hau kan gadon sarauta. Shine wanda akace ya rinka fuskantar hare-hare daga Fulani mabiya Usman bn Fodio a lokacin jihadin su wajajen shekara ta 1800. Sannan daga bisani akace dansa
Dunama IX Lefiagi ne ke mulkin masarautar. A
shekarar 1809 ne Muhammad Ngilerumma ya amshi
mulki, wanda bai dade ba sai Muhammadul Aminu Al-
Kanemi wanda yake tsatson qabilar Kanem ya amshi
mulki, wanda hakan shine usulin fara mulkin Shehunnai
(Sarakuna masu laqabin Shehu) har izuwa yau.
Ance usulin karbar mulkin muhammadul Amin El-
Kanemi shine, Sarki Dunama ne ya gayyato shi a
matsayinsa na jarumi kuma malami domin ya taimaka a
cinye Fulani da yaqi. Alokacin ma har wani bafillatani
mai suna mallam zaki ya jagoranci tawaga an qone
babban birnin Borno mai suna Ngazargamu da yaqi.
Mahaifin el-kanemi ummaru, ya kasance dan qabilar
kanem ne, mahaifiyarsa kuwa balarabiyar libya ce daga
qabilar Toureg, kuma ya taso ne acikin ilimi.
Don haka da yazo, sai yayi wasu tsare-tsare tare da
samar da sulhu. Wannan kuma sai ya bashi farin jini,
sarki Dunama ya bashi kyaututtuka gami da lambar
yabo ta 'Sheikh'. Daga baya kuma al'umma suka ce
sunfi sonsa ya zamo sarki. Har wasu sukace sa'ar daya
zamo sarki, ya caccaki Usman dan fodio da dansa
Muhammad bello a wasu takardu daya rinqa turawa
sokoto, bisa yadda zasu yaqi masarautar da sama da
shekaru dari takwas take kan turbar musulunci. Sannan
kuma a shekarar 1814, shehun borno Muhammadu el-
kanemi ya mayarda fadar borno izuwa garin kukawa.
A shekara ta 1837, bayan rasuwar Muhammadul Amin,
sai dansa Ummaru ya hau karaga, daga nan aka fara
kiransa da shehun borno Ummaru dan Muhammadul
Amin. Yayi mulkinsa har izuwa lokacin rasuwar sa a
shekara ta 1881 inda kuma qarfin masarautar ya fara
raguwa, shine kuma dansa Shehun borno Bukar kuka ya
amshi mulki. A wannan lokaci ance tattalin arziqin
borno ya karye, tilas Bukar kuka ya sanyawa mabiyansa
haraji, abinda ake kira 'Kumoreji' da yaren kanuri.
A shekara ta 1885, dan uwan Bukar kura mai suna
ibrahim kura ya gajeshi. A lokacin sane kuma ya Rabeh
(Rabih Az-zubair) ya dirkako wa masarautar borno da
yaqi, ya kuma rinqa samun nasara akan shehun borno
ibrahim kura (Hashimi), don haka shekarar 1893 dan
uwan ibrahim kura mai suna kyari ya kashe shi a garin
maganwa, sannan ya hau mulki. Ba ajima ba Rabeh ya
kori shehu Kyari daga kukawa, ya qwace garin. Wannan
yasa Kyari ya shirya don qwato garinsa, amma a rashin
sa'a dayazo yaqin sai Rabeh ya cishi da yaqi harma ya
kame shi. Ance kalmomin daya fada na qarshen
rayuwarsa kafin Rabeh ya hallakashi sune "ku fadawa
wannan wulaqantaccen bawa, idan da nine na kame
shi, ba abinda zan tambayeshi, kasheshi zanyi. Dan
haka ya daina mini tambayoyi, idan yana da wani abu
kurum yayi..''
Bayan Rabeh ya kashe kyari a shekara ta 1894, sai
Sanda Wuduroma ya karbi mulki. Shima dai bai jima ba
akace wani dakare mai suna Gadum, daka cikin
dakarun Rabeh ya hallaka shi a wani wuri da ake kira
Wuduro. Shine sai Abubakar Garbai ya gajeshi. A
shekarar 1922 ne kuma ya mutu, sai sanda kura ya
gajeshi har izuwa 1937 inda sanda Kyarimi ya gajeshi
har zuwa 1967, sannan Umar ibn Abubakar Garbai ya
hau mulki. Shima dai a shekarata 1974 ya mutu, sai
mustafa ibn Umar Garbai Alkanemi ya hau mulki wanda
Allah yayiwa rasuwa a shekarar 2009. Wannan ne ya
kawo hawan mulkin Abubakar Ibn Umar Garbai
Alkanemi wanda yake kan mulki har zuwa yau..
Daga SADIQ TUKUR GWARZO
080608699
AGISYMBA, sunan wani yanki ne daya fito daga bakin shahararren masanin kimiyya da falsafa dan kasar Girka mai suna Ptolemy, wanda kuma ya rayu a garin Alekzandariya a wajejen shekaru 100 bayan wafatin Annabi Isa (A.S) daga k'asa zuwa sama.
A cewar ptolemy, agisymba wani yanki ne dayake dauke da mutane, manyan dabbobi misalin giwaye da manyan Kangaru, tare da manya-manyan tsaunika, kuma garin yana kudu
da garin Fezzan (dake libya a yanzu) da nisan tafiyar watanni hudu kacal.
Ance Ptolemy ya samu wannan labari ne daga hannun wani masanin girma da fadin duniya mai suna Manus.
Shikuma Manus shine wanda tun alokacin akace ya bayyana cewa kusurwowin duniya guda hudu ne, watau: Garin Thule (dake norway a yau) shine qarshen duniya a yamma, sai kuma yankin Agisymba wanda yake qarshen duniya a gabas. Sai tsibirin kanari (Cannaries) (wanda yake a K'asar spain) ya zama qarshen duniya ta arewa, yayin da garin Shera (sunan da ake kiran kasar china abaya kenan) yake a matsayin k'arshen duniya ta kudu.
Shikuwa Manus, kamar yadda aka ruwaito, ya samu wannan labari ne daga bakin matafiya dake karadawa
sassan duniya tare da binciken sa ga tsofaffun takardu wadanda masanan da suka gabace shi suka gabata.
Wannan gari na Agisymba, ance ya bace, ko kuma an daina jin duriyar sa har izuwa shekara ta 700 bayan wafatin Annabi Isa (A.S). Inda akace anji labarin wata masarauta mai suna KANEM, wadda akace ta kafu a wani gari da ake kira Manan, sunan zuriyar (k'abilar) dake mulkinta shine DUGUWA (wadansu kuma na kiransu da Zhagawa), yaren da suke yarawa kuwa sunan sa KANEMBOU, yaren da ake tsammanin ya samo asali ne daga yaren k'abilar SAO.
K'abilar sao dai itace akace asulin
mazauna yankin kafin daga baya suka rarrabu izuwa al'ummatai daban-daban misalin kotoko, budumu, gamergu, da kuma kanembou din.
Haka kuma, ita k'abilar Sao, wasu na
jita-jitar cewa tsatso ne na jikokin Hyksos, wani jarumi wanda ya kafa tsohuwar daular egypt daruruwan shekaru da suka gabata. Daga baya wadannan zuriya ta Hyksos suka bar masarautar egypt izuwa garin N'jima bayan mulkibya bar hannun su ( ance ma'anar wannan suna na N'JIMA a yaren Tedaga, (Teda, Tebu, Toubou' duk sunan yaren ne) wanda wani yanki acikin al'ummar kudancin Fezzen ke yarawa shine 'KUDU').
Dier Lange, a littafinsa mai suna 'The founding of kanem by Assyrian Refugees ca 600BC' yayi kokari matuk'a wajen wassafou fahimtarsa bisa alak'ar kafuwar daular Kanem daga larabawan syria. Inda ya bayar da tarihin Sarkin masarautar na farko mai suna Sef da mahaifiyarsa Aisa wadda yace ta haife shine a garin Baghadada, daga baya rikice-rikice suka auku a masarautar wanda yasa Sef din ya jagoranci tawaga suka baro garin. Sannan kuma acewarsa, a wancan lokacin, Yankin Kanem Alk'arya ce babba. Har ma ya k'ara da cewa sunan littafin tarihin da mai binciken tarihi dan
K'asar jamus 'Heinrich Barth' ya gano a shekarar 1851 mai suna Girgam wanda yake dauke da sunayen sarakunan kanem goma sha hudu na farko, ya samo asali ne daga kalmar 'Girginakku', wadda ake fassarata da yaren Akkadian (tsohon yaren Masarautar Syria) da
"Akwatin takardu".
A fahimtar mu dau, wannan yanki da masarautar kanem ta fara kafuwa, yana dauke da mutane shekaru d'aruruwa da suka gabata, sai dai tarihin su ya bace ta yadda bamu samu labarin yadda rayuwa ta kasance musu ba, kawai dai abinda tarihi ya nuna shine k'abilar duguwa(zhagawa) ainihinsu makiyaya ne, sun yi shawarar tsayawa da yawace-yawacen kiwo gami da samar da gari nasu na kansu a wani lokaci wajajen shekaru 600 bayan wafatin Annabi Isa (A.S) (dai-dai da shekaru 32 kafin Annabi
Muhammad S.a.w yayi wafati), don haka zuwan larabawan syria yankin (idan da gaske hakan ta faru) watak'ila shine yayi silar fito da wurin.
Kuma kasancewar sunayen Sarakunan kanem na farko wadanda ake kira da 'magumi', kuma akeyi musu
laqabi da 'mai' (ma'ana Sarki) kamar yadda yazo a kundin tarihin masarautar watau 'Girgam', yayi kamance-ceniya da sunayen mutanen syria, watak'ila hujja ce da zata sa mu amince da zuwan su wannan yanki na agisymba kamar yadda tsohon sunansa yake.
Sai dai kuma koda hakan ta auku, akwai tambayoyi da masu binciken tarihi zasu sobji akan ainihin abinda ya faru a lokacin da Siriyawan suka k'araso wannan yanki. Shin kafa garinsu sukayi na daban, wanda daga bisani suka cinye garuruwan dake kusanci dasu da yak'i har suka maida garin d'aukakakke?
Ko kuwa gari suka fara risk'a sannan suka karbe ikon garin daga hannun masu mulkinsa?
Abinda tarihi dai ya tabbatar shine, Sarki Sef dan k'abilar duguwa (zhagawa) shine sarki na farko da aka
fara rubutawa a matsayin sarkin masarautar Kanem.
Yayi sarautarsa a wajajen shekara ta 700, daga nan sai Ibrahim wanda ya fara mulki a shekara ta 740, sai Dugu
a amshi mulki a shekarata 785 , daga nan sai Fune 835, sai Arsu a 893, sai Katur a 942, sai Buyuma a 961, sai
Bulu a 1091, sai Arku a 1035, sai Shu a 1077, sai Selma (Abdal Djahl) wanda akace shine musulmi na farko, ya
hau mulki a shekara ta 1081, wannan kuma shine yakawo qarshen mulkin sarakunan Duguwa (Zhagawa)
akan mulkin masarautar kanem...
Domin ance a shekarar 1085 ne 'Mai Humme' ya qwace mulki, shine mafarin fara mulkin zuriyar Saifawa wadanda akewa sarakunan su laqabi da 'Mai', zuriyarda saida ta shafe kusan shekaru 700 tana tafiyar da mulkin masarautar. Ance a lokacin mulkin Mai Humme ne
musulunci ya warwatsu a masarautar kanemi, aka gina masallatai da yawa da wuraren daukar darasu.
Wannan abu sai ya batawa wani yanki na tsohuwar k'abilar Zhagawa rai, suka k'i karbar musulunci. Daga bisani ma sai suka tashi daga garin sukayi gabas can wajajen Tafkin Chadi. Acan ne sukayi qarfi suka kuma fara kawo hari masarautar kanem. Wannan shine asalin k'abilun 'Bulala' da 'zhagawa' wadanda suka bar masarautar su ta gado, kuma shine asalin duk wata
rigima data addabi wannan masarauta.
A shekarata 1210 ne Mai Dunama Dibbalemi ya amshi
mulki. Shine sarkin daya fara qaddamar da yaqin jihadi
don yada addinin musulunci ga sarakunan dake kewaye dashi. Sannan ya nemi kafa alaqar kasuwanci da k'asashen larabawa, harma da gina Masaukin Alhazansa masu zuwa Saudiyya Aikin Hajji a garin Alqahira.
Wannan sarki ya kafa tarihi matuqa a masarautar Kanem. Domin ance shine wanda ya karya dodon tsafi mai suna 'MUNE', wanda k'abilar zaghawa ke
bautawa, ya hana mutane bauta masa, sannan ya kira al'ummatai izuwa musulunci.
Sai kuma shekarar 1473 inda Ali Gajideni ya amshi mulki. Shikuwa Gajideni, shine sarkin daya har hada kawunnan k'abilun kanem bayan yak'i ya rabasu gida biyu. Sannan ya yak'i kabilar Bulala dake can yankin kogin fitr dake gabashin N'djamaina, wadda take itama zuriya ce tsatson Zhagawa masu yak'i da masarautar kanem. Sannan kuma shine sarkin daya dauke cibiyar masarauta daga yankin Kanem saboda yawan hari da ake kawo musu izuwa yankin Borno, ya koma wani gari mai suna Ngazargamu da mulki (kunji asalin borno).
Sai kuma Idris Katakarmabe ya
hau mulki a shekarar 1507, wanda akace shine ya K'arasa cinye k'abilar Bulala da yak'i, ya koresu, tilas suka gudu gabashin borno da rayuwa har kuma ya maishe da fadar sa izuwa yankun Kanem, watau tsohon garin da masarautar ta kafu mai suna N'jimi na wucin gadi.
Abinda ya kamata makaranta su sani shine, yak'e-yak'e da hare-hare sun rink'a aukuwa daga k'abilar zaghawa
izuwa garuruwan masarautar kanem. Masanin tarihi Ahmadu Ibn Yaqub (Al yaqubi, marubucin kittafin kitab al-buldan) ya ruwaito cewa a jerin wad'annan yake-yake sai da zaghawa suka kashe sarakunan
kanem guda biyar daga cikin shidda wadanda suka yi mulki daga shekara ta 1386- izuwa shekarata 1400,
wadanda kuma suka fito daga gidan sarautar Saifawa.
Don haka a wancan lokaci, yak'i ne da yayi zafi harma K'abilar 'Bulala' ta cinye garin n'jimi da yak'i, sai hakan
ya tursasa k'abilar sayfawa barin N'jimi dake k'asar kanem izuwa garin Ngazargamu dake yankin Borno (yanzu wajen yana yankin yobe) .
Abu na gaba shine hawan Idris Alauma mulki a wajajen shakara ta 1580 (wasu sukace 1571). Wannan abu ya janyowa masarautar Borno girma da kwarjini a duniya ma baki daya. Ance wannan sarki yayi yak'ok'i sama da dubu, ya kuma samu nasara a kusan yakuna dari uku da talatin kamar yadda akace an samu tarihin yak'e-yak'en sa a wata tsohuwar wak'a da akayi masa da kuma littafin 'Ghazawat Bornu' (yak'ok'in bornu) wanda akace shugaban malaman sa mai suna Ibn Furtu ya rubuta.
Ance Mai Idris Alauma ya fadada girman masarautar borno, ya samar da gonakin noma tare da habaka kasuwanci, sannan ance ya cinye kano a yamma, ya cinye wani yanki na garin Fezzan a arewa, ya cinye Outara a kudu, ya kuma cinye garuruwan Zhagawa a gabas. A lokacin sane kuma masarautar Ottoman ta turo da wakilanta k'asar borno don k'arfafa dangantaka tsakanin masarautun biyu.
Hakika (Sarki) Mai Alouma yayi aiki matuk'a ta hanyar sakewa dakarun yak'in sa fasali, inda ya samar musu da dabaru kala-kala, yasa aka sassak'a musu manyan jiragen ruwa na yaki, tare da samar musu da dumbin
makamai..
Daga nan kuma ance sunayen sarakunan borno sun k'ara bacewa a tarihi, har izuwa wajajen shekara ta 1780 inda akaji labarin Ahmad Alimi ya hau kan gadon sarauta. Shine wanda akace ya rinka fuskantar hare-hare daga Fulani mabiya Usman bn Fodio a lokacin jihadin su wajajen shekara ta 1800. Sannan daga bisani akace dansa
Dunama IX Lefiagi ne ke mulkin masarautar. A
shekarar 1809 ne Muhammad Ngilerumma ya amshi
mulki, wanda bai dade ba sai Muhammadul Aminu Al-
Kanemi wanda yake tsatson qabilar Kanem ya amshi
mulki, wanda hakan shine usulin fara mulkin Shehunnai
(Sarakuna masu laqabin Shehu) har izuwa yau.
Ance usulin karbar mulkin muhammadul Amin El-
Kanemi shine, Sarki Dunama ne ya gayyato shi a
matsayinsa na jarumi kuma malami domin ya taimaka a
cinye Fulani da yaqi. Alokacin ma har wani bafillatani
mai suna mallam zaki ya jagoranci tawaga an qone
babban birnin Borno mai suna Ngazargamu da yaqi.
Mahaifin el-kanemi ummaru, ya kasance dan qabilar
kanem ne, mahaifiyarsa kuwa balarabiyar libya ce daga
qabilar Toureg, kuma ya taso ne acikin ilimi.
Don haka da yazo, sai yayi wasu tsare-tsare tare da
samar da sulhu. Wannan kuma sai ya bashi farin jini,
sarki Dunama ya bashi kyaututtuka gami da lambar
yabo ta 'Sheikh'. Daga baya kuma al'umma suka ce
sunfi sonsa ya zamo sarki. Har wasu sukace sa'ar daya
zamo sarki, ya caccaki Usman dan fodio da dansa
Muhammad bello a wasu takardu daya rinqa turawa
sokoto, bisa yadda zasu yaqi masarautar da sama da
shekaru dari takwas take kan turbar musulunci. Sannan
kuma a shekarar 1814, shehun borno Muhammadu el-
kanemi ya mayarda fadar borno izuwa garin kukawa.
A shekara ta 1837, bayan rasuwar Muhammadul Amin,
sai dansa Ummaru ya hau karaga, daga nan aka fara
kiransa da shehun borno Ummaru dan Muhammadul
Amin. Yayi mulkinsa har izuwa lokacin rasuwar sa a
shekara ta 1881 inda kuma qarfin masarautar ya fara
raguwa, shine kuma dansa Shehun borno Bukar kuka ya
amshi mulki. A wannan lokaci ance tattalin arziqin
borno ya karye, tilas Bukar kuka ya sanyawa mabiyansa
haraji, abinda ake kira 'Kumoreji' da yaren kanuri.
A shekara ta 1885, dan uwan Bukar kura mai suna
ibrahim kura ya gajeshi. A lokacin sane kuma ya Rabeh
(Rabih Az-zubair) ya dirkako wa masarautar borno da
yaqi, ya kuma rinqa samun nasara akan shehun borno
ibrahim kura (Hashimi), don haka shekarar 1893 dan
uwan ibrahim kura mai suna kyari ya kashe shi a garin
maganwa, sannan ya hau mulki. Ba ajima ba Rabeh ya
kori shehu Kyari daga kukawa, ya qwace garin. Wannan
yasa Kyari ya shirya don qwato garinsa, amma a rashin
sa'a dayazo yaqin sai Rabeh ya cishi da yaqi harma ya
kame shi. Ance kalmomin daya fada na qarshen
rayuwarsa kafin Rabeh ya hallakashi sune "ku fadawa
wannan wulaqantaccen bawa, idan da nine na kame
shi, ba abinda zan tambayeshi, kasheshi zanyi. Dan
haka ya daina mini tambayoyi, idan yana da wani abu
kurum yayi..''
Bayan Rabeh ya kashe kyari a shekara ta 1894, sai
Sanda Wuduroma ya karbi mulki. Shima dai bai jima ba
akace wani dakare mai suna Gadum, daka cikin
dakarun Rabeh ya hallaka shi a wani wuri da ake kira
Wuduro. Shine sai Abubakar Garbai ya gajeshi. A
shekarar 1922 ne kuma ya mutu, sai sanda kura ya
gajeshi har izuwa 1937 inda sanda Kyarimi ya gajeshi
har zuwa 1967, sannan Umar ibn Abubakar Garbai ya
hau mulki. Shima dai a shekarata 1974 ya mutu, sai
mustafa ibn Umar Garbai Alkanemi ya hau mulki wanda
Allah yayiwa rasuwa a shekarar 2009. Wannan ne ya
kawo hawan mulkin Abubakar Ibn Umar Garbai
Alkanemi wanda yake kan mulki har zuwa yau..
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