TARIHIN SIYASA A NIGERIA: TUNAWA DA RANAR 'YAN MAZAN JIYA
Kashi na ɗaya.
SADIQ TUKUR GWARZO, RN.
08060869978
Tarihin siyasar Nigeria kusan yana tafiya kafaɗa da kafaɗa ne da tarihin samun 'yancin kai daga turawan mulkin mallaka, da kuma wasu abubuwa da suka wakana kafin wanzuwar hakan.
Da fari dai, gwamnatin ingila ta ayyana ɗaukacin yankunan da ayau ake kira Nigeria bisa karkashin ikonta a ranar 1 ga watan janairun shekara ta 1901, har kuma ta aike da sojoji domin karɓe ikon yankunan baki ɗaya.
Yankunan Kano da Sokoto ne kusan na karshe da suka faɗa hannun turawan mulki a wajajen shekara ta 1903 zuwa 1904. Tun daga nan kuma Sir Lord Luggard ya zamo shine ɗaukacin shugaɓan tarayyar Nigeria.
A wancan zamani, babu maganar kafa jamiyyar siyasa, ko kungiyoyi. Maganar biyayyar dokokin turawa kurum akeyi ta hannun sarakuna. Kuma akwai doka da hukunci mai tsanani ga duk wanda yayi shelar neman 'yanci daga turawan mulki.
Mutanen arewa nada matukar jahilci a fannin ilimin boko duba da kalilan daga cikinsu ne suka sanya yaransu a makarantun zamani. Don haka, kururuwar kafa jam'iyyun siysa da neman 'yanci bata soma kaɗawa ba da wuri-wuri a yankin.
Sir Lord Luggard, ya gudanar da mulkinsa ba tare da kulawa da ra'ayin 'yan kasa ba, sai dai bisa umarnin kasar sa ingila. Amma duk da haka, yana da majalisa ta jeka na yika, mai ɗauke da wakilai 26 waɗanda suka kunshi wasu daga sarakunan gargajiya a kudanci, waɗanda kuma akasari karɓar umarni ne kurum ne aikinsu, kuma ba zaɓensu akayi ba a siyasance.
Sai a zamanin mulkin Sir Hugh Clifford ne aka soma kafa ɓurɓushin dimokaraɗiyya a Nigeria. A wuraren shekara ta 1920 ya bijiro da kundin tsarin mulki sassauka, wanda aka lakabawa sunansa, wanda kuma ya sahalewa 'yan kudancin kasar nan damar zaɓen wakilai huɗu daga cikin 'yan majalisar kasa ta jeka na yika.
Koda yake, sauyin da ya kawo daga gwamnatin Luggard shine kafa majalisu guda biyu a kasa. Daya itace majalisar zartaswa, wadda turawa ne zallah a cikin ta. Sai kuma majalisar kasa mai ɗauke da wakilai 46.
Acikin waɗannan wakilai 46, kusan kafataninsu turawa ne da gwamnati ta naɗa suke kula da kasuwancin Lagos, kano, Calabar da Phortharcort, sai kuma guda 6 'yan kasa da gwamnati ta naɗa a matsayin wakilai.
Acikinsu akwai mutum ɗaya yana wakiltar 'yan kasuwar Afirka, ɗaya yaana wakiltar gundumar lagos, ɗaya Egba, ɗaya Ibo ɗaya kuma Oyo. Babu ko ɗaya daga arewa.
Wakilai huɗu kuwa akace an sahale a shiga zaɓe domin a zaɓosu. A lokacin an bada wakilai uku a lagos, wakili ɗaya kuma daga Calabar.
Saboda haka, a wannan shekarar ta 1923 sai Herbert Macaulay yafara kafa jamiyyar siyasa a Nigeria mai suna 'Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP)' domin shiga zaɓen cike gurɓi na majalisar kasa da kuma samar da shugabancin birnin Lagos.
Herbert Macaulay daman sanan-nen ɗan gwagwarmaya ne kuma mai ilimi tun a wancan lokaci. Tunda kuwa ya karanci fasahar kasa da safayo a Ingila tun gabannin shekarar 1900. Kuma ya shiga kungiyar dake rajin kawar da cinikin bayi a yankin Afirka.
Sannan tun kafin wannan lokacin, yana takun saka da turawan mulkin mallaka, musamman yadda yake fafutikar kwatowa 'yan kasa yancin kai.
A shekarar 1908 Herbert Macaulay ya bankaɗo al-mundahanar da wasu jami'an mulki turawa sukayi wajen gina titin dogo, wanda kowa ya sani da arzikin Nigeria ake yinsa.
Sannan a shekarar 1919, Herbert Macauley ne yakai kara izuwa majalisar Ingila yana nemawa wani shugaban yankinsu da aka kwace masa fili. Kuma ya samu nasara, inda majalisar ta zartar da hukuncin a biya waccan shugaba diyyar daya nema.
Anyi zaɓe na farko a ranar 20 ga watan satumbar shekara ta 1923. Ance a lokacin, waɗanda sukayi rijistar kaɗa zaɓe a cikin mutum dubu 99 mazauna lagos mutum dubu 4 ne kachal. Saboda haka an shiga zaɓe cikin lumana da kwanciyar hankali babu tasgaro, saboda duk ɗan kasa cike yake da tsoron idan ya aikata laifi turawa zasu hukuntashi.
Bayan an kammala zaɓe, sai aka ayyana wakilai masu suna: Crispin Adeniyi Jones, Adeyemu Alakija da Egerton Shyngla na Jamiyyar NNDP ta Herbert Macaulay a matsayin waɗanda suka cinye zaɓe, don haka sun samu rinjaye akan 'yan takarar da suka fafata dasu zaɓe daga Jam'iyyar 'Peoples Union' wadda John K. Rindle da Orisadipe Obasa suka kafa. Sai kuma wakili ɗaya wanda yaci zaɓe ba tare da jamiyya ba daga Calabar.
Ana haka sai Herbert Macaulay ya kafa kamfanin jaridar 'Nigerian Daily' da yake wayar dakan al'umma bisa kuncin da suke ciki na mulkin mallaka. Kuma jamiyyarsa ta samu tagomashin cinye zaɓuɓɓukan da aka gudanar a shekarar 1928, da kuma na shekarar 1933.
Amma bayan shekaru biyar da kakar zaɓe ta kewayo, za'a sake shiga zaɓe a shekarar 1938, sai ya zamana wata jam'iyar yarabawa mai suna 'Lagos Youth Movement' wadda Farfesa Eyo Ita ya kafa ce ta lashe kafatanin zaɓen, ta ture Herbert Macaulay da jamiyyarsa ta NNDP gefe.
A shekara ta 1937 kuwa sa'ar da Dr Nmandi Azikwe ya gamo karatunsa a Amurka har ya soma aikin jaridar 'West African Pilot' a Ghana, sai ya komo Nigeria. Anan suka haɗu da amininsa Oloye Davies wanda ya karanto Sharia a Ingila, suka shiga waccan jamiyya ta yarabawan lagos tare da ɗaukaka ta izuwa 'Nigerian Youth Movement'. Suka haɗu da zaka-kuran mutane irinsu Ernest Sissie Ikoli, Samuel Akisan, James Churchil Vaughan, Kofo Abayumi da wasunsu suna ta rajin wayarwa 'yan kasa kai ta hanyar rubuce-rubucen jaridu. Babbar maganar su itace "bamu yadda da mulkin mallaka ba, 'yancin kai da dimokraɗiyya muke da bukata".
A haka aka tafi har wuraren shekara ta 1944 zamanin da Sir. Arthur Richard ke shugabancin Nigeria, inda rikicin kabilanci ya raba Dr. Nnandi Azikwe a matsayin shi inyamiri da jamiyyar Yarabawa ta NYM, sai kurum yazo ya haɗu da Herbert macaulay suka cigaba a Jamiyyar Herbert ɗin a lokacin mai watau NNDP wadda ta sauya izuwa
'National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC)'.
Awannan lokaci, sai shugaban kasa Richard ya samar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki, wanda ya rage yawan zaɓaɓɓun 'yan majalisa da wakilan 'yan kasa ya kuma kara adadin 'yan majalisar da-ba zaɓaɓɓu ba.
Sai kuwa Dr Nnamdi Azikwe da Herbert macaulay suka shiga fafutukar yaki da wannan tsari. Suka shiga suka, suna bin yankuna suna wayar da kai da kuma neman tallafi domin tafiga zuwa Ingila suyi zanga-zangar nuna adawa da wannan kundin mulki a gaban majalisar kasar.
Ana wannan rintsi ne Herbert Macaulay shugaban NCNC ya rasu, sai Dr Azikwe da yake matsayin akawu ya zama shugaba.
A shekarar 1945 aka haramtawa Dr. Azikwe fitar da jaridarsa ta 'Africa West Pilot' bayan ta wallafa wasu zantuka dangane da yajin aiki a kasa wanda gwamnati tace basu da tushe balle makama. A shekarar 1947 kuwa aka sake zaɓen 'yan majalisu, har kuma Dr. Nnamdi Azikwe ya zamo wakili zaɓaɓɓe a wannan majalisa ta lagos karkashin inuwar k'anwa jam'iyyar sa ta NCNC mai suna National Democratic Party (NDP).
A shekarar 1951 kuwa sai sabon kundin tsarin mulki yazo daga Shugaban kasar lokacin mai suna John Stuart Macpherson, wanda ya tsinka wakilan Nigeria izuwa yankunan ta, ya kuma bada damar kowanne yanki ya zaɓi 'yan majalisun sa a wata majalisa karama. Daga waɗancan majalisu na yankuna ne za'a zaɓi wakili zuwa majalisar kasa.
A lokacin, jam'iyyun NCNC da 'Action Group' ne suka fi samun tagomashi.
Ita jam'iyyar 'Action Group' ta yarbawa ce wadda Chief Awolowo ke shugabanta, kuma ya zamo zaɓaɓɓen wakili a karkashinta. Jam'iyyar tana da goyon bayan rusasshiyar jamiyyar 'Northern Youth Forum' (NYF) ne mai adawa da Dr. Azikwe.
Shi kuwa Dr. Nnamdi Azikwe ya samu cin zaɓen yanki a majalisar kudanci karkashin jam'iyyar tasa NCNC, amma sai dai Chief Awolowo na Action Group ne mutumin daya fishi samun tagomashi a majalisar, don haka shine ya samu damar tafiya babbar majalisar kasa..
Wannan kusan shine a takaice yadda siyasa ta faro a kudancin Nigeria kenan, saura muji yadda ta kasance a yankin Arewa.
Kashi na ɗaya.
SADIQ TUKUR GWARZO, RN.
08060869978
Tarihin siyasar Nigeria kusan yana tafiya kafaɗa da kafaɗa ne da tarihin samun 'yancin kai daga turawan mulkin mallaka, da kuma wasu abubuwa da suka wakana kafin wanzuwar hakan.
Da fari dai, gwamnatin ingila ta ayyana ɗaukacin yankunan da ayau ake kira Nigeria bisa karkashin ikonta a ranar 1 ga watan janairun shekara ta 1901, har kuma ta aike da sojoji domin karɓe ikon yankunan baki ɗaya.
Yankunan Kano da Sokoto ne kusan na karshe da suka faɗa hannun turawan mulki a wajajen shekara ta 1903 zuwa 1904. Tun daga nan kuma Sir Lord Luggard ya zamo shine ɗaukacin shugaɓan tarayyar Nigeria.
A wancan zamani, babu maganar kafa jamiyyar siyasa, ko kungiyoyi. Maganar biyayyar dokokin turawa kurum akeyi ta hannun sarakuna. Kuma akwai doka da hukunci mai tsanani ga duk wanda yayi shelar neman 'yanci daga turawan mulki.
Mutanen arewa nada matukar jahilci a fannin ilimin boko duba da kalilan daga cikinsu ne suka sanya yaransu a makarantun zamani. Don haka, kururuwar kafa jam'iyyun siysa da neman 'yanci bata soma kaɗawa ba da wuri-wuri a yankin.
Sir Lord Luggard, ya gudanar da mulkinsa ba tare da kulawa da ra'ayin 'yan kasa ba, sai dai bisa umarnin kasar sa ingila. Amma duk da haka, yana da majalisa ta jeka na yika, mai ɗauke da wakilai 26 waɗanda suka kunshi wasu daga sarakunan gargajiya a kudanci, waɗanda kuma akasari karɓar umarni ne kurum ne aikinsu, kuma ba zaɓensu akayi ba a siyasance.
Sai a zamanin mulkin Sir Hugh Clifford ne aka soma kafa ɓurɓushin dimokaraɗiyya a Nigeria. A wuraren shekara ta 1920 ya bijiro da kundin tsarin mulki sassauka, wanda aka lakabawa sunansa, wanda kuma ya sahalewa 'yan kudancin kasar nan damar zaɓen wakilai huɗu daga cikin 'yan majalisar kasa ta jeka na yika.
Koda yake, sauyin da ya kawo daga gwamnatin Luggard shine kafa majalisu guda biyu a kasa. Daya itace majalisar zartaswa, wadda turawa ne zallah a cikin ta. Sai kuma majalisar kasa mai ɗauke da wakilai 46.
Acikin waɗannan wakilai 46, kusan kafataninsu turawa ne da gwamnati ta naɗa suke kula da kasuwancin Lagos, kano, Calabar da Phortharcort, sai kuma guda 6 'yan kasa da gwamnati ta naɗa a matsayin wakilai.
Acikinsu akwai mutum ɗaya yana wakiltar 'yan kasuwar Afirka, ɗaya yaana wakiltar gundumar lagos, ɗaya Egba, ɗaya Ibo ɗaya kuma Oyo. Babu ko ɗaya daga arewa.
Wakilai huɗu kuwa akace an sahale a shiga zaɓe domin a zaɓosu. A lokacin an bada wakilai uku a lagos, wakili ɗaya kuma daga Calabar.
Saboda haka, a wannan shekarar ta 1923 sai Herbert Macaulay yafara kafa jamiyyar siyasa a Nigeria mai suna 'Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP)' domin shiga zaɓen cike gurɓi na majalisar kasa da kuma samar da shugabancin birnin Lagos.
Herbert Macaulay daman sanan-nen ɗan gwagwarmaya ne kuma mai ilimi tun a wancan lokaci. Tunda kuwa ya karanci fasahar kasa da safayo a Ingila tun gabannin shekarar 1900. Kuma ya shiga kungiyar dake rajin kawar da cinikin bayi a yankin Afirka.
Sannan tun kafin wannan lokacin, yana takun saka da turawan mulkin mallaka, musamman yadda yake fafutikar kwatowa 'yan kasa yancin kai.
A shekarar 1908 Herbert Macaulay ya bankaɗo al-mundahanar da wasu jami'an mulki turawa sukayi wajen gina titin dogo, wanda kowa ya sani da arzikin Nigeria ake yinsa.
Sannan a shekarar 1919, Herbert Macauley ne yakai kara izuwa majalisar Ingila yana nemawa wani shugaban yankinsu da aka kwace masa fili. Kuma ya samu nasara, inda majalisar ta zartar da hukuncin a biya waccan shugaba diyyar daya nema.
Anyi zaɓe na farko a ranar 20 ga watan satumbar shekara ta 1923. Ance a lokacin, waɗanda sukayi rijistar kaɗa zaɓe a cikin mutum dubu 99 mazauna lagos mutum dubu 4 ne kachal. Saboda haka an shiga zaɓe cikin lumana da kwanciyar hankali babu tasgaro, saboda duk ɗan kasa cike yake da tsoron idan ya aikata laifi turawa zasu hukuntashi.
Bayan an kammala zaɓe, sai aka ayyana wakilai masu suna: Crispin Adeniyi Jones, Adeyemu Alakija da Egerton Shyngla na Jamiyyar NNDP ta Herbert Macaulay a matsayin waɗanda suka cinye zaɓe, don haka sun samu rinjaye akan 'yan takarar da suka fafata dasu zaɓe daga Jam'iyyar 'Peoples Union' wadda John K. Rindle da Orisadipe Obasa suka kafa. Sai kuma wakili ɗaya wanda yaci zaɓe ba tare da jamiyya ba daga Calabar.
Ana haka sai Herbert Macaulay ya kafa kamfanin jaridar 'Nigerian Daily' da yake wayar dakan al'umma bisa kuncin da suke ciki na mulkin mallaka. Kuma jamiyyarsa ta samu tagomashin cinye zaɓuɓɓukan da aka gudanar a shekarar 1928, da kuma na shekarar 1933.
Amma bayan shekaru biyar da kakar zaɓe ta kewayo, za'a sake shiga zaɓe a shekarar 1938, sai ya zamana wata jam'iyar yarabawa mai suna 'Lagos Youth Movement' wadda Farfesa Eyo Ita ya kafa ce ta lashe kafatanin zaɓen, ta ture Herbert Macaulay da jamiyyarsa ta NNDP gefe.
A shekara ta 1937 kuwa sa'ar da Dr Nmandi Azikwe ya gamo karatunsa a Amurka har ya soma aikin jaridar 'West African Pilot' a Ghana, sai ya komo Nigeria. Anan suka haɗu da amininsa Oloye Davies wanda ya karanto Sharia a Ingila, suka shiga waccan jamiyya ta yarabawan lagos tare da ɗaukaka ta izuwa 'Nigerian Youth Movement'. Suka haɗu da zaka-kuran mutane irinsu Ernest Sissie Ikoli, Samuel Akisan, James Churchil Vaughan, Kofo Abayumi da wasunsu suna ta rajin wayarwa 'yan kasa kai ta hanyar rubuce-rubucen jaridu. Babbar maganar su itace "bamu yadda da mulkin mallaka ba, 'yancin kai da dimokraɗiyya muke da bukata".
A haka aka tafi har wuraren shekara ta 1944 zamanin da Sir. Arthur Richard ke shugabancin Nigeria, inda rikicin kabilanci ya raba Dr. Nnandi Azikwe a matsayin shi inyamiri da jamiyyar Yarabawa ta NYM, sai kurum yazo ya haɗu da Herbert macaulay suka cigaba a Jamiyyar Herbert ɗin a lokacin mai watau NNDP wadda ta sauya izuwa
'National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC)'.
Awannan lokaci, sai shugaban kasa Richard ya samar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki, wanda ya rage yawan zaɓaɓɓun 'yan majalisa da wakilan 'yan kasa ya kuma kara adadin 'yan majalisar da-ba zaɓaɓɓu ba.
Sai kuwa Dr Nnamdi Azikwe da Herbert macaulay suka shiga fafutukar yaki da wannan tsari. Suka shiga suka, suna bin yankuna suna wayar da kai da kuma neman tallafi domin tafiga zuwa Ingila suyi zanga-zangar nuna adawa da wannan kundin mulki a gaban majalisar kasar.
Ana wannan rintsi ne Herbert Macaulay shugaban NCNC ya rasu, sai Dr Azikwe da yake matsayin akawu ya zama shugaba.
A shekarar 1945 aka haramtawa Dr. Azikwe fitar da jaridarsa ta 'Africa West Pilot' bayan ta wallafa wasu zantuka dangane da yajin aiki a kasa wanda gwamnati tace basu da tushe balle makama. A shekarar 1947 kuwa aka sake zaɓen 'yan majalisu, har kuma Dr. Nnamdi Azikwe ya zamo wakili zaɓaɓɓe a wannan majalisa ta lagos karkashin inuwar k'anwa jam'iyyar sa ta NCNC mai suna National Democratic Party (NDP).
A shekarar 1951 kuwa sai sabon kundin tsarin mulki yazo daga Shugaban kasar lokacin mai suna John Stuart Macpherson, wanda ya tsinka wakilan Nigeria izuwa yankunan ta, ya kuma bada damar kowanne yanki ya zaɓi 'yan majalisun sa a wata majalisa karama. Daga waɗancan majalisu na yankuna ne za'a zaɓi wakili zuwa majalisar kasa.
A lokacin, jam'iyyun NCNC da 'Action Group' ne suka fi samun tagomashi.
Ita jam'iyyar 'Action Group' ta yarbawa ce wadda Chief Awolowo ke shugabanta, kuma ya zamo zaɓaɓɓen wakili a karkashinta. Jam'iyyar tana da goyon bayan rusasshiyar jamiyyar 'Northern Youth Forum' (NYF) ne mai adawa da Dr. Azikwe.
Shi kuwa Dr. Nnamdi Azikwe ya samu cin zaɓen yanki a majalisar kudanci karkashin jam'iyyar tasa NCNC, amma sai dai Chief Awolowo na Action Group ne mutumin daya fishi samun tagomashi a majalisar, don haka shine ya samu damar tafiya babbar majalisar kasa..
Wannan kusan shine a takaice yadda siyasa ta faro a kudancin Nigeria kenan, saura muji yadda ta kasance a yankin Arewa.
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