TARIHI ABIN TUNAWA: ASALIN YADDA TURAWA SUKA BINCIKO AFRIKA TA YAMMA
Daga SADIQ TUKUR GWARZO
Tunda jimawa, Labarai masu qayatarwa suka cika kasashen Yammacin Turai dangane da yankin Africa ta yamma. Tatsuniyoyi sun shahara akan haka. Labarin Attajiri Mansa Musa mai kyautar gwala-gwala ya zamo abin jimami a Ingila, haka kuma labarin shaharar Kogin Kwara ba zai misaltu ba.
A wancan lokacin dai, turawa na daukar birnin Tambuktu a matsayin birnin Gwal, domin haka ma suke ma garin laqabi, suna kuma da qarancin sani game da kogin Kwara.
A kan hakane aka kafa wata kungiya a birnin landan mai suna 'Association for promoting the discovery of the interior parts of africa' a shekarar 1788, wadda kuma akewa laqabi da 'African association'. Kungiyar, wadda sir joseph Banks ke jagoranta, ta qunshi manyan mutane, masana da attajirai, kuma tana da burin binciko zance mafi gaskiya dangane da Birnin Tambuktu,da kuma kogin Kwara. Wannan yunkuri shine asalin fara laluben turawa a kasashen Africa ta yamma.
Akan haka, an rinqa sauraron matafiya da sauran masu binciken tarihin duniya dangane da abinda suka sani game da Tambuktu da kuma kogin kwara. Ga misalin abubuwan da aka samo;
I. Bayani yazo daga James Bruce dan Kasar scotland, wanda a shekarar 1769 ya isa kasar Habasha cewa "daular Tambuktu karkashin mulkin Muhammadu askia I, tayi matukar karfi a wajajen qarni na 13 zuwa na 15, kuma itace ta mamaye mafi yawan qasashen yammacin Africa, tun daga yankin Gambiya da senegal, har zuwa sokoto dake qasar Hausa. A gabashi kuma sai da ta dangane da kogin kwara. Garin Timnuktu kuwa, yana dauke da baki masu yawa, kuma gari ne mai cike da arzikin gwal.
ii. An samu labari daga wani masan mai suna Al Hassan Bin muhammad al-Wazziniz zayyati wanda akewa Laqabi da Leo Africanus (ma'ana zakin Afrika) wanda kuma akace iyayen sa na cikin gungun musulman da sukayi gudun hijira izuwa sassan duniya daga birnin Andaluz a shekarar 1492 sa'ar da Sarki Ferdinand da Sarauniya Isabella suka cinye garin da yaki daga baya ya samu damar ziyartar timbuktu. Yace' Ana kawo hatsi, shanu, madara da man shanu mai tarin yawa izuwa garin Timbuktu duk kuwa da kasancewar garin cikin sahara inda babu Koramu da lambuna. Babban abinda mutanen garin ke musayar kasuwanci dashi shine Gishiri'. Ya kara da cewa ' Sarkin Timbuktu attajiri ne na gaske, wanda ya mallaki sulalla na zinare marasa adadi. A koda yaushe kuma idan yana tafiya zaka samu kimanin dawakai 3000 suna rufa masa baya. Sannan yana da tarin likitoci, alqalai, malamai masu wa'azi da sauran masana zazzaune a fadar sa'.
Daga wajen Leo Africanus ne kuma turawan ingila suka fahimci cewa Gishiri yana da matuqar daraja a Timbuktu, saboda ya ayyana cewa zuwa akeyi dashi daga wani gari mai suna Tangaza, wanda yake da nisan Mil dari biyar daga Timbuktun. Har ma yake cewa "na taba kasancewa a Timbuktu a lokacin da farashin mangalar gishiri yake dai-dai da farashin sisin gwal tamanin".
iii. Wani bayanin ma ya samu daga hannun wani mai suna Asseed El hage Abd Salam Shabeeniy, wanda akewa laqabi da Shabeni, a wajajen shekara ta 1788. Shebani ya rayu a timbuktu tsawon shekara uku, inda har ya leqa kasar hausa, ga kuma abinda ya naqalto" Adadin mutanen garin timbuktu zai cimma dubu 40, banda bayi da kuma baqi mazauna garin. Duk al'ummar garin baqaqen fata ne, sannan kuma kusan duk baqon da zaije garin saiya auri 'yar garin saboda kyawun matayen su. Kallo daya tak zaisa ka fada so da qaunar su"
Kari akan haka shine labarin Attajirin Sarkin Timbuktu Mansa Musa wanda ya baza duniya. Ance yayi zamani a wajajen Karni na 12, shine kuma ya taba ziyartar Saudiyya da dumbin bayi gami da dumbin gwala-gwalai.
Sai dai duk labarannan, babu abinda akeji game da Kogin Kwara, kuma har izuwa lokacin kafuwar kungiyar, ba'a samu wani bature farar fata ba wanda yayi ikirarin yaga Kogin kwara da idanunsa.
A shekarar 1790, wani tsohin soja mai suna Daniel Houghton ya tunkari wannan kungiya ta African Association, da nufin amsar kwantiragen zuwa Africa ta yamma da qafa don gani da ido. Nan take kuwa kungiyar ta amince masa, ta kuma dora masa nauyin ziyartar Tafkin Barra kunda (wani gari dake kasar Gambiya) da kuma Kasar Hausa tare da binciko ainihin inda garin Timbuktu yake, sannan ya qarqare tafiyar a gabar kogin Kwara. Dayin haka, sai ya shiga kokarin koyon ilimin Larabci tare da wani yare na qasar senegal mai suna Mandingo tayadda zai samu damar mu'amala da mutane. Sannan ya sanya ranar fara tafiya.
A watan Oktota na shekarar 1790, Hougton ya shigo jirgin ruwa, inda bayan wasu kwanaki ya sauka a gabar Kogin Gambia a wani gari da ake kira Barra. Ya ya tafi tiryan-tiryan har wani gari mai suna Pisania, daga nan ya risqi wani gari da ake kira Jonkakonda, daga bisani kuma ya qaraso masarautar Wuli a farkon shekarar 1791.
A wannan, ance Sarkin Masarautar Wuli ya karbi Houghton da girmamawa, har ma ya bashi mazauni a garin sa mai suna Medina. Sai dai ba'a jima ba abokan hamayyar Sarkin suka kawowa garin hari, inda kuma sukaci nasarar koqe garin, har ma kayyaykin Houghton na yaqi da wasu abubuwa masu amfani suka kone. Wannan abu yayi masa ciwo matuka.
Duk da hakan dai, houghton baiyi qasa a guiwa ba, inda yaci gaba da tafiyar sa yana neman garin Timbuktu. Ance a wajajen watan Mayu na shekarar 1791, houghton ya bar gavar tekun Barra, sannan ya kutsa kai don tunkarar Timbuktu. A lokacin ne kuma ya turo da saqo mai dauke da labarin yadda tafiyar sa take kasancewa. Saqon ya isa birnin Landan cikin nasara.
Daga nan, houton ya samu damar gewayawa ta kogin Senegal, shine ma sarkin wani gari yaci mutumcinsa, da qyarya samu ya kubuta ya isa masarautar Ferbanna dake yankin Bambu na qasar ta senegal acikin damuna ta wannan shekara.
Daga nan ne kuma ya hadu da wani Matafiyi mai suna Madegammo, wanda yayi alqawarin zai yiwa Houghton jagoranci izuwa birnin Timbuktu a kyauta. Sun fara wannan tafiya ne a watan yulin 1791, shine ma akace Houghton din ya qara turawa da saqon karta kwana yana mai labarta yarjejeniyar da sukayi da matafiyin, ya aika ta hanyar 'yan aike wanda sanu-a hankali ya isa birnin landan. Wannan saqon kuma shine ya zamo na qarshe, domin ance daga nan ba'a qara jin duriyar saba.
A shekara ta 1793, labari mai tushe ya riski Landan cewar Houghton ya samu kansa cikin mawuyacin hali yayin tafiyarsa zuwa Tambuktu, wannan ne yasa tafiyar ta sire masa, abokan tafiyar sa kuma suka ribace shi, inda suka sauya akalar tafiyar izuwa wani gari mai suna Tisheet (wanda yake a qasar Mouritania a yanzu). Amma kwana biyu dayin haka, sai Houghton ya fuskanci cewa abokan tafiyar sa na yunqurin hallaka shi, wannan yasa ya tsere musu, ya shiga cikin sahara ba ruwa ba abinci a tare dashi, a daddafe ya isa wani gari mai suna Tarra, inda kuma cikin rashin sa'a, mutanen garin suka hanashi ruwa da abinci, wannan yasa yunwa ta halaka shi. Ance gawar Houghton ma mutanen garin qin binne ta sukayi, a qarshe tsuntsaye ne suka yagalgalata a banza.
Wannan labari yayi matuqar batawa Ingila Rai, sannan ya dakushe guiwar masu son jin labarin africa ta yamma da yawa. Amma ba'a fi shekaru biyu ba, sai ga takarda daga hannun wani baturen qasar scotland mai suna MUNGO PARK, yana neman sahalewar qarasa aikin da Houghton ya fara..
Tafiyar mungo park tana qunshe da darasi mai tarin yawa. A ciki zamuji yadda iyaye da kakanni suke rayuwa a wancan zamani, zakuma muji yadda Mungopark ya rinqa bibiyar matsalolin da marigayi Houton ya fuskanta, har ma da laifuffukan daya yiwa sarakunan africa ta yamma, dalilin dayasa suka tsaneshi kuma kenan!
Daga Sadiq Tukur Gwarzo
08060869978TARIHI
Daga SADIQ TUKUR GWARZO
Tunda jimawa, Labarai masu qayatarwa suka cika kasashen Yammacin Turai dangane da yankin Africa ta yamma. Tatsuniyoyi sun shahara akan haka. Labarin Attajiri Mansa Musa mai kyautar gwala-gwala ya zamo abin jimami a Ingila, haka kuma labarin shaharar Kogin Kwara ba zai misaltu ba.
A wancan lokacin dai, turawa na daukar birnin Tambuktu a matsayin birnin Gwal, domin haka ma suke ma garin laqabi, suna kuma da qarancin sani game da kogin Kwara.
A kan hakane aka kafa wata kungiya a birnin landan mai suna 'Association for promoting the discovery of the interior parts of africa' a shekarar 1788, wadda kuma akewa laqabi da 'African association'. Kungiyar, wadda sir joseph Banks ke jagoranta, ta qunshi manyan mutane, masana da attajirai, kuma tana da burin binciko zance mafi gaskiya dangane da Birnin Tambuktu,da kuma kogin Kwara. Wannan yunkuri shine asalin fara laluben turawa a kasashen Africa ta yamma.
Akan haka, an rinqa sauraron matafiya da sauran masu binciken tarihin duniya dangane da abinda suka sani game da Tambuktu da kuma kogin kwara. Ga misalin abubuwan da aka samo;
I. Bayani yazo daga James Bruce dan Kasar scotland, wanda a shekarar 1769 ya isa kasar Habasha cewa "daular Tambuktu karkashin mulkin Muhammadu askia I, tayi matukar karfi a wajajen qarni na 13 zuwa na 15, kuma itace ta mamaye mafi yawan qasashen yammacin Africa, tun daga yankin Gambiya da senegal, har zuwa sokoto dake qasar Hausa. A gabashi kuma sai da ta dangane da kogin kwara. Garin Timnuktu kuwa, yana dauke da baki masu yawa, kuma gari ne mai cike da arzikin gwal.
ii. An samu labari daga wani masan mai suna Al Hassan Bin muhammad al-Wazziniz zayyati wanda akewa Laqabi da Leo Africanus (ma'ana zakin Afrika) wanda kuma akace iyayen sa na cikin gungun musulman da sukayi gudun hijira izuwa sassan duniya daga birnin Andaluz a shekarar 1492 sa'ar da Sarki Ferdinand da Sarauniya Isabella suka cinye garin da yaki daga baya ya samu damar ziyartar timbuktu. Yace' Ana kawo hatsi, shanu, madara da man shanu mai tarin yawa izuwa garin Timbuktu duk kuwa da kasancewar garin cikin sahara inda babu Koramu da lambuna. Babban abinda mutanen garin ke musayar kasuwanci dashi shine Gishiri'. Ya kara da cewa ' Sarkin Timbuktu attajiri ne na gaske, wanda ya mallaki sulalla na zinare marasa adadi. A koda yaushe kuma idan yana tafiya zaka samu kimanin dawakai 3000 suna rufa masa baya. Sannan yana da tarin likitoci, alqalai, malamai masu wa'azi da sauran masana zazzaune a fadar sa'.
Daga wajen Leo Africanus ne kuma turawan ingila suka fahimci cewa Gishiri yana da matuqar daraja a Timbuktu, saboda ya ayyana cewa zuwa akeyi dashi daga wani gari mai suna Tangaza, wanda yake da nisan Mil dari biyar daga Timbuktun. Har ma yake cewa "na taba kasancewa a Timbuktu a lokacin da farashin mangalar gishiri yake dai-dai da farashin sisin gwal tamanin".
iii. Wani bayanin ma ya samu daga hannun wani mai suna Asseed El hage Abd Salam Shabeeniy, wanda akewa laqabi da Shabeni, a wajajen shekara ta 1788. Shebani ya rayu a timbuktu tsawon shekara uku, inda har ya leqa kasar hausa, ga kuma abinda ya naqalto" Adadin mutanen garin timbuktu zai cimma dubu 40, banda bayi da kuma baqi mazauna garin. Duk al'ummar garin baqaqen fata ne, sannan kuma kusan duk baqon da zaije garin saiya auri 'yar garin saboda kyawun matayen su. Kallo daya tak zaisa ka fada so da qaunar su"
Kari akan haka shine labarin Attajirin Sarkin Timbuktu Mansa Musa wanda ya baza duniya. Ance yayi zamani a wajajen Karni na 12, shine kuma ya taba ziyartar Saudiyya da dumbin bayi gami da dumbin gwala-gwalai.
Sai dai duk labarannan, babu abinda akeji game da Kogin Kwara, kuma har izuwa lokacin kafuwar kungiyar, ba'a samu wani bature farar fata ba wanda yayi ikirarin yaga Kogin kwara da idanunsa.
A shekarar 1790, wani tsohin soja mai suna Daniel Houghton ya tunkari wannan kungiya ta African Association, da nufin amsar kwantiragen zuwa Africa ta yamma da qafa don gani da ido. Nan take kuwa kungiyar ta amince masa, ta kuma dora masa nauyin ziyartar Tafkin Barra kunda (wani gari dake kasar Gambiya) da kuma Kasar Hausa tare da binciko ainihin inda garin Timbuktu yake, sannan ya qarqare tafiyar a gabar kogin Kwara. Dayin haka, sai ya shiga kokarin koyon ilimin Larabci tare da wani yare na qasar senegal mai suna Mandingo tayadda zai samu damar mu'amala da mutane. Sannan ya sanya ranar fara tafiya.
A watan Oktota na shekarar 1790, Hougton ya shigo jirgin ruwa, inda bayan wasu kwanaki ya sauka a gabar Kogin Gambia a wani gari da ake kira Barra. Ya ya tafi tiryan-tiryan har wani gari mai suna Pisania, daga nan ya risqi wani gari da ake kira Jonkakonda, daga bisani kuma ya qaraso masarautar Wuli a farkon shekarar 1791.
A wannan, ance Sarkin Masarautar Wuli ya karbi Houghton da girmamawa, har ma ya bashi mazauni a garin sa mai suna Medina. Sai dai ba'a jima ba abokan hamayyar Sarkin suka kawowa garin hari, inda kuma sukaci nasarar koqe garin, har ma kayyaykin Houghton na yaqi da wasu abubuwa masu amfani suka kone. Wannan abu yayi masa ciwo matuka.
Duk da hakan dai, houghton baiyi qasa a guiwa ba, inda yaci gaba da tafiyar sa yana neman garin Timbuktu. Ance a wajajen watan Mayu na shekarar 1791, houghton ya bar gavar tekun Barra, sannan ya kutsa kai don tunkarar Timbuktu. A lokacin ne kuma ya turo da saqo mai dauke da labarin yadda tafiyar sa take kasancewa. Saqon ya isa birnin Landan cikin nasara.
Daga nan, houton ya samu damar gewayawa ta kogin Senegal, shine ma sarkin wani gari yaci mutumcinsa, da qyarya samu ya kubuta ya isa masarautar Ferbanna dake yankin Bambu na qasar ta senegal acikin damuna ta wannan shekara.
Daga nan ne kuma ya hadu da wani Matafiyi mai suna Madegammo, wanda yayi alqawarin zai yiwa Houghton jagoranci izuwa birnin Timbuktu a kyauta. Sun fara wannan tafiya ne a watan yulin 1791, shine ma akace Houghton din ya qara turawa da saqon karta kwana yana mai labarta yarjejeniyar da sukayi da matafiyin, ya aika ta hanyar 'yan aike wanda sanu-a hankali ya isa birnin landan. Wannan saqon kuma shine ya zamo na qarshe, domin ance daga nan ba'a qara jin duriyar saba.
A shekara ta 1793, labari mai tushe ya riski Landan cewar Houghton ya samu kansa cikin mawuyacin hali yayin tafiyarsa zuwa Tambuktu, wannan ne yasa tafiyar ta sire masa, abokan tafiyar sa kuma suka ribace shi, inda suka sauya akalar tafiyar izuwa wani gari mai suna Tisheet (wanda yake a qasar Mouritania a yanzu). Amma kwana biyu dayin haka, sai Houghton ya fuskanci cewa abokan tafiyar sa na yunqurin hallaka shi, wannan yasa ya tsere musu, ya shiga cikin sahara ba ruwa ba abinci a tare dashi, a daddafe ya isa wani gari mai suna Tarra, inda kuma cikin rashin sa'a, mutanen garin suka hanashi ruwa da abinci, wannan yasa yunwa ta halaka shi. Ance gawar Houghton ma mutanen garin qin binne ta sukayi, a qarshe tsuntsaye ne suka yagalgalata a banza.
Wannan labari yayi matuqar batawa Ingila Rai, sannan ya dakushe guiwar masu son jin labarin africa ta yamma da yawa. Amma ba'a fi shekaru biyu ba, sai ga takarda daga hannun wani baturen qasar scotland mai suna MUNGO PARK, yana neman sahalewar qarasa aikin da Houghton ya fara..
Tafiyar mungo park tana qunshe da darasi mai tarin yawa. A ciki zamuji yadda iyaye da kakanni suke rayuwa a wancan zamani, zakuma muji yadda Mungopark ya rinqa bibiyar matsalolin da marigayi Houton ya fuskanta, har ma da laifuffukan daya yiwa sarakunan africa ta yamma, dalilin dayasa suka tsaneshi kuma kenan!
Daga Sadiq Tukur Gwarzo
08060869978TARIHI
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